【研报精选】美联储放水为时尚早,市场恐怕继续下行

投研第一线Published on 2023-03-28Last updated on 2023-03-30

Abstract

达里欧认为:我们正处于进入债务收缩的早期阶段,谈美联储放宽货币政策还为时过早。同时未来一两年的金融/经济形势将很严峻。

我一直在社交媒体上回答各类提问,收到了很多好问题,我在这里分享一些我对硅谷银行破产的看法。

我认为这是短期债务周期中非常经典的事件,短期债务周期通常持续约七年左右(误差大约为三年左右)。在这个过程中,紧缩的货币政策旨在抑制信贷增长和通胀,这导致了一种自我强化的债务-信贷收缩,而这会像多米诺骨牌一样产生一系列连锁反应,并像病毒一样蔓延开来。最终,央行不得不推出宽松货币政策以抵消债务-信贷收缩,从而产生更多的新信贷和债务,为下一个重大债务问题埋下伏笔。最终,这些短期周期累积的债务资产和负债达到了不可持续的程度,整个系统就会在债务重组和债务货币化中崩溃(通常每隔大约75年左右会发生一次,误差约为25年左右)。

虽然在不同的周期中处于泡沫中的行业是不同的(例如,在2008年,泡沫主要出现在住宅房地产领域,而现在则出现在负现金流的风险投资和私募股权公司以及商业房地产公司中,这些公司无法承受更高的利率和更紧的货币政策),但是自我强化的收缩机制是相同的。基于我对这种机制和当前情况的理解(它们是一致的),这次硅谷银行失败是一个“预警信号”,它将在风险投资领域及其它领域产生连锁反应。

为了深刻理解硅谷银行事件并思考它将如何演变,阅读我出版的一本书《债务危机:应对重大债务危机的原则》将会非常有用。在该书中,我全面论述了的典型债务周期的运作机制,它比我在这里能够涵盖的更详细。

How the Machine Works 债务周期的运作机制

由于一个人的债务就是另一个人的资产,同时大多数人都是杠杆多头(即,他们通过债务融资而持有资产),因此当利率上升、货币变得紧缩时,资产价值下降;这会损害债务人、债权人、资产持有人和金融中介机构,而这会导致收缩的自我强化和传染。因为当人们需要需要现金时,其资产就会被迫出售(译者注:被迫出售的的资产价格就会下跌);而当债权人受到损害时,他们会削减放贷。整个收缩过程(泡沫破裂)中,谁受到的影响最大?杠杆最高的金融中介,尤其是银行。在实际利率处在较低水平且信贷比较充足时(且持续了一段时间),人们会通过杠杆持有大量资产;而这些资产会在利率上升和货币紧缩时期下跌,从而产生了这种经典的多米诺骨牌倒塌的情形。

因为a) 我们正处于这个收缩周期的早期阶段,b) 杠杆多头持有资产的数量很大,所以在硅谷银行破产之后,很可能会出现更多的问题,直到债务周期的收缩阶段完成为止。在债务周期的收缩阶段结束之前,历史和逻辑表明会发生以下情况:1) 资产被迫以非常低的价格出售,引致巨额亏损,进一步收缩信贷;2) 股权稀释,即以显著折扣的价格出售,低于对未来现金流的保守估计的现值;3) 强大的综合公司将以有吸引力的价格收购/兼并处于困境的公司;4) 信贷问题对市场和经济产生负面影响,并最终导致5) 美联储放宽货币政策,银行监管机构提供资金、信贷和担保,因为这些问题会威胁到整个金融系统。我们正处于进入债务收缩的早期阶段,谈美联储放宽货币政策还为时过早;美联储目前利弊取舍(抗通胀or防危机)越来越艰难,我将密切关注美联储的行动。

从历史的经验来看而非只考虑眼前,紧缩货币而非宽松似乎更为适当。在不久的将来,问题可能很快就会加剧,这最终将促使美联储和银行监管机构以保护性的方式采取行动。因此,我认为我们正处于从强紧缩阶段(strong tightening)转向短期信贷/债务周期的收缩阶段(contraction phase)的转折点。

我们已经了解了典型债务周期以及可能会发生的事情,现在让我们超越眼前的问题,看看更大的、更长期问题。这些周期是如何运作的呢?当债务以一个国家自己的货币计价时,债务危机和由此产生的债务传染最终可以通过中央得到遏制,只要央行创造足够的货币和信贷来填补资金缺口。例如,硅谷银行破产案例,由于美联储保证所有存款人免受损失,并暗示它将超越这一事件来保护其他储户,它不仅提供了更多的信贷,而且还暗示它可能会在其他情况下采取类似的行动。

这就引出了一个问题:创造货币和信贷的代价是什么?

这就带来了一个更大更长期的问题,即联邦政府存在巨额未偿还债务(debt),同时正在发售比需求更大的债务(selling more debt than there is demand for),而美联储正在货币化这些债务。解决这些问题的钱从哪里来呢?美联储印钞和购买债务。由于债务资产和债务负债如此之大,要使借款人-债务人支付的实际利率足够高,而不会使借出方-债权人受到过高的影响,这非常困难。

真正的大问题将在这种情况下出现:当印钞过度以至于无法为债权人提供足够的实际回报时,这将导致债权人开始出售债务资产,进而严重破坏供需平衡。由于美国债务资产和债务负债规模巨大,加上还会有更多的债务发行,这将导致政府债务供应大于需求,结果是什么呢?市场和经济的实际利率过高,这将给债务和经济带来困难,最终迫使美联储从加息和出售债券(QT)转为降息和购买债券(QE)。

这将导致实际利率下降,从而导致更多的债务资产被出售,因为这些债务资产提供的实际回报不佳。尽管现在人们还没有考虑美联储下一次降息和QE的时间,但我们应该考虑这件事了,这个时间点可能不到一年,而且必将产生巨大影响。我认为它很可能导致货币价值大幅下降。因此,我认为未来一两年的金融/经济形势将很严峻。

在这份观察中,我一直关注的是货币/信贷/债务/市场/经济动态,但我们应该清楚,这些动态伴随着内部冲突(最重要的是即将到来的2024年美国选举)和外部冲突(最重要的是中美冲突和美国-北约-俄罗斯冲突,尽管其他冲突如与伊朗的冲突也值得注意)。所有这些冲突互相影响。这种情况对我来说意味着一个重大风险,即在 1)内部冲突恶化和 2)国际冲突恶化的时候出现了 3)糟糕的财务和经济状况——而且这个世界承受着很大的杠杆。简而言之,我认为未来两年将是非常危险的时期。

请注意,我不能确定任何事情。这就是为什么我认为,投资获胜的关键在于平衡各类资产,让各类资产的回报彼此互不影响;这样无论事态如何发展、变好还是变坏,你的投资组合和回报都不会受到太大影响。如我一再强调的那样,可以在不降低预期回报的情况下降低投资组合的风险。所以这是我认为并建议大家去做的。

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