Aptos 崛起,背后靠的是什么?

链捕手Published on 2023-02-02Last updated on 2023-02-02

Abstract

Aptos 是目前唯一一个推出主网的基于 Move 的L1 链。

Aptos原生代币APT绝对是今年最引人瞩目的加密资产之一,在过去的一个月内它的价格将近翻了7倍,从最低点的3.08$,持续攀升,最高点曾一度突破了20$。

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APT此轮暴涨归因于多种因素,一方面是加密市场开始回暖,各种加密项目的支持者越来越多。另一方面作为APT的项目方,Aptos在过去的一年中热议不断。首先,它与Facebook(后改名为 Meta)有千丝万缕的联系,创始团队也大都来源于Meta Diem项目。

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另外,Aptos还开创了许多有趣的功能,例如其独特的编程语言Move 赢得了诸多投资者的认可;开发的Block-STM 智能合约并行执行引擎,可有效提高交易执行的效率等等。

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Aptos全球行韩国站-泡菜溢价效应凸显

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韩国市场作为全球最火热的加密交易市场之一,其市场上的加密资产经常比其他国家价格要高,这一现象被称为“泡菜溢价”。而造成这一现象的主要原因是加密资产供应不足,由于韩国国内希望购买加密资产的人太多,造成了加密资产价格水涨船高。加上韩国本身又是一个能源匮乏的国家,国内加密资产挖矿活动并不活跃,这导致其只能引进大量外国挖掘的加密资产进行交易,而韩国政府又因为担心加密资产被用于洗钱,限制了相关资金的大规模流动,这进一步加剧了韩国加密资产供应不足、价格偏高的情况。

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据报道,在过去的一年里,韩国加密资产市场价格比国际市场价格平均贵10%-20%。溢价越高则意味着投资者获利的空间越大,再加上韩国本地炒币氛围浓厚,所以一直以来韩国市场都是加密资产必争之地。

Terra崩盘后,韩国本土加密市场出现了真空,急需要一个新的主角,于是Aptos抓住机会向韩国市场进军。从一个细节可以看出Aptos对韩国市场的重视,在Aptos官网同步发布的白皮书中,韩语是除英语之外的唯一语种。此外,Aptos还将2023年启动的全球巡回黑客松Aptos World Tour Hackathon,首站便放在了韩国首尔,从2月1日到2月3日,届时将会有Aptos核心工程师亲自参与,进行为期三天的黑客攻击和演示。

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Aptos一些列举动也为其赢得了韩国市场的青睐,根据CoinGecko的数据显示,APT在过去一天的20亿美元交易量中,约有一半来自韩国交易所Upbit的韩元交易对,资金中大部分都是从事套利交易,低价买入然后再高价卖出,推高了Aptos的DeFi交易量。据DeFi Llama的数据显示,Aptos的DeFi交易量从上个月的1400万美元已经上升到5100万美元,并且这一数据还在快速增涨,此次APT价格能在短短一个月内翻了将近7倍,背后的韩国力量发挥了重要作用。

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Aptos热议不断-公众期待值持续走强

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Aptos代币APT的暴涨的背后,除了加密市场开始回暖以及韩国力量的推动之外,最重要的还是Aptos作为明星公链,在过去的一年中持续引发了热议,公众对其期待值普遍增高,这也是支撑APT持续走高的主要原因。

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明星项目,出道即巅峰

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作为Meta系统公链,Aptos 与 Facebook(后改名为 Meta)有千丝万缕的联系。也因为这种联系,Aptos备受资本的青睐,去年3月的种子轮融资,Aptos项目估值就达到了20亿美元,获得了2亿美元融资金额,7月末Aptos再次完成了1.5亿美元的A轮融资,由FTX Ventures和Jump Crypto领投,目前共计融资3.5亿美元。与同属Meta系公链Sui和 Linera项目相比,无论是融资规模和营销宣传,Aptos都具有较大的优势,也因此在这三者中Aptos发展的最好,也最受市场瞩目。

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知名机构争相合作,Aptos热点不断

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在过去的一年中Aptos不但赢得了资本的青睐,更凭借其社区治理和生态系统的出色表现吸引到了诸多知名机构加入到了Aptos生态系统中。

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基础设施方面。在Aptos主网刚上线不久,Google Cloud宣布与Aptos达成合作,启动加速器计划,Google Cloud将会为其部分验证节点和其他服务提供支持,同时Aptos区块链也将被编入索引并加入Google Cloud 的BigQuery服务。此外,Google 和 Aptos 基金会将启动加速器计划,并在明年共同举办黑客马拉松。

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游戏方面。Aptos 已经与韩国3A级游戏工作室NPIXEL达成合作,NPIXEL选择基于 Aptos 链来建造他们的最新的 Web3 项目 METAPIXEL,这标志着Aptos在游戏领域迈出了重要的一步。

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支付方面。Aptos已与Web3金融科技公司MoonPay合作整合生态系统项目Petra,MoonPay将帮助用户通过其系统加入Aptos生态系统,该过程将从数字资产钱包Petra开始,预计未来将反映在 Aptos 网络的其他项目中,届时将会为用户提供无摩擦的Web3上机服务。

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内容生成方面。去中心化流媒体平台Livepeer宣布与Aptos网络集成,基于Aptos的开发人员现在可以利用Livepeer网络支持的视频流,对于创作者来说,借助Livepeer与Aptos的整合,通过去中心化的流媒体服务扩大了Web3创意的范围和质量 -- 为创作者提供了更多的力量!

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Aptos高速发展基于强大的技术支撑

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Aptos的愿景是提供一个能够为Web3带来主流应用的区块链,并授权一个去中心化应用的生态系统来解决现实世界的用户痛点,为了实现这一愿景,在过去的一年里,Aptos进行了共识协议和核心框架两次重大的升级,并对技术栈进行了一系列彻底的改进,同时还受Diem区块链启发,它将安全、透明以及可频繁的升级作为核心功能。Aptos能够以如此快速的蓬勃发展,其背后强大的技术支持发挥了至关重要的作用。

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简单而强大的Move编程语言

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目前公链开发最知名的有三种编程语言:1. Solidity;2. WASM;3. Move。Move 相比于Solidity,更灵活、更便捷;相比于 WASM,更专一、更安全。

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传统的基于交易的方法,交易需要有相对应的交易对象,进行交易时需要存在A和B地址,同时为了保证A不会“双重花费”代币,每一笔交易均需要与其他所有交易核对以避免相互冲突,这无疑会大大减慢交易速度。Move基于资源的方法与此截然不同,Move不会记录A到B的交易,而是记录对象(或资源)的易手情况,并相应的更新属性,重要的是,资源是原子实体——资源X的存在不依赖于任何其他现有的资源。因此,Move语言非常适合区块链上资产的特性,对于区块链从业开发者也更为友好。

Aptos 的核心是Move 语言,可以说Aptos大部分潜力均来源于此。Move 编程语言的优势主要体现在四个方面:

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第一,Move编程语言脱胎与Meta的Libra稳定币项目,具有安全性能强和速度快特点;

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第二,Move虚拟机支持并行计算、并行开发,相较于现在的顺序执行而言,Move 虚拟机大大提升了区块链的运行效率;

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第三,Move 语言实行的是资产决定发行标准,发行的资产是唯一的,然后全链追踪资产,发行标准可以随之升级;

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第四,Move 语言支持合约可升级,可在用户端完全感知不到的情况下实现智能合约升级,对于用户体验有大大的提升。

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Block-STM 智能合约并行执行引擎

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智能合约执行一直是限制区块链吞吐量的主要瓶颈,当前的区块链要么是按照顺序执行,要么需要并行顺序执行(即没有内部冲突)来提高性能。顺序执行不能很好地扩展,这限制了其吞吐量的上限,而采用并行执行引擎就需要面对如何调整内部交易冲突并自动适应工作负载的难题。一些区块链并行执行引擎通常会强制用户预先声明依赖关系来应对这一难题,但这样做会严重限制事务可以做什么,并且可能需要中断或重试事务。

Block-STM 也是一种并行执行引擎,但与以往并行执行引擎不同,它是围绕着Aptos的软件交易内存和optimistic并发控制原则构建的。这种新的交易并行方法可以在不影响开发人员体验的情况下实现更快的交易处理。在交易过程中,交易都被分组在块中,块的每次执行都必须产生相同的确定性结果,Block-STM 进一步强制结果与根据预设顺序执行交易一致,利用此顺序动态检测依赖关系并避免投机交易执行期间的冲突。Block-STM 的核心是一种新颖的、低开销的执行和验证任务协作调度程序。

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灵活的密钥管理和交易透明

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Aptos帐户支持灵活的密钥管理,其中包括对密钥轮换,加密敏捷性和混合托管模式等功能的支持。用户可以将轮换帐户私钥的能力委托给一个或多个托管方以及其他可信实体,然后通过 Move模块定义一个策略,使这些受信实体能够在特定情况下轮换密钥。例如,实体可能是由许多受信任方持有的kout-of-n多签密钥,从而可提供密钥恢复服务以防止用户密钥丢失。相比其他一些诸如云端备份、社会恢复等秘钥恢复方案,Aptos的这种密钥管理方案是链上的且更加公开透明。

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除了灵活的秘钥管理外,在交易过程中Aptos还提供交易预执行服务实现了交易透明,可在用户签名之前向用户直观的展示交易结果,这个交易预执行的服务是可以和已知的攻击和恶意智能合约结合,可以大大降低用户受到的欺诈风险。除此之外Aptos还允许钱包在执行过程中规定对交易的限制,违反限制的交易将被终止,可以进一步避免用户受到恶意程序的攻击。

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Aptos所面临的挑战

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明星创始团队、资本的青睐加上强大的技术支撑让Aptos在过去的一年里获得了高速的发展,但在其风光的背后依然存在不少的隐患。

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主网上线效果不及预期,引发公众质疑

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去年10月份Aptos Autumn主网上线运行效果不尽人意,Aptos 官方数据称能够实现10万TPS,但根据浏览器数据显示,Aptos网络吞吐量仅为4TPS,距离目标值相差甚远。而且这些交易中的大多数还不是实际交易,它们只是验证者通信和设置区块检查点并将元数据写入区块链。主网运行速度不及预期,后期可能会带来更多的风险,如一些要求高的项目可能无法如期部署上线,即便是上线了用户的体验也会不佳,这对于Aptos后期的生态布局极为不利。

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生态尚未起势,缺乏优势项目

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L1公链的成功主要取决于在其之上构建的项目,在这一点上Aptos目前还尚未形成自身的优势,在与 Meta 系的其他两个公链相比,Aptos 虽然在生态建设上有一定先发优势,但是,由于技术高度类似,可能造成生态项目的多链部署和雷同。如Liquidswap DEX、Topaz NFT 市场等,虽然这样的项目是任何区块链生态系统都需要的产品,但对于Aptos 的设计来说还不够独特,这些项目就像一个小村庄的杂货铺、学校和医院,虽然这些对村庄的运作是必要的,但它们并没有赋予村庄任何其他村庄所没有的独特特征。创新性不足,缺乏优势项目是当下Aptos生态系统最突出的问题。

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此外,由于在技术、资本、生态开发者等各个方面与Solana高度重合,Aptos还需要面临来之Solana的竞争压力,并且在生态布局上Solana比Aptos优势更为明显,它拥有多个优势项目,如StepN项目,它充分利用了Solana的并行优势,不但为其带来庞大的用户和高交易量,还为Solana带来了可观的收益。在某一时刻,仅StepN就占Solana付费用户的约20%。因此,Aptos如果想要复刻或超过Solana就需要寻找到一些列独特项目来充分利用Aptos的并行执行引擎,并且这些项目无法在以太坊甚至Solana上完成。这对于Aptos来说是一个不小的挑战。

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估值过高,代币过度炒作

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作为明星公链Aptos自推出以来就成为了资本的宠儿,2022 年 7 月的融资中,Aptos 估值达到了 27.5 亿美元,从熊市状态来看,Aptos估值偏高。过度资本化对于注重技术研发的区块链行业来说并非是一件好事,资本往往会为了短期利益而舍弃长远的目标,尤其是此轮韩国市场疯狂买入所引发的Aptos原生代币APT疯狂暴涨,如此惊人的涨幅可能会吸引一些投机者做空造成代币暴涨暴跌,这对于Aptos项目本身的发展也极为不利。

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总结

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Aptos 是目前第一个也是唯一一个推出主网的基于 Move 的L1 链,这在新生代公链中具有较大的先发优势,它代表了Meta 工程师多年来为解决以太坊的可扩展性瓶颈而努力的结晶。所以尽管Aptos目前还有许多不完善的地方,但是它的未来依然值得我们期待。

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