霍尔木兹的收费站,和买不到的人民币

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-06Last updated on 2026-05-06

达利奥说,我们正站在世界秩序重构的前夜。不管你是否同意这个判断,有一件事越来越难忽视:当战争、制裁和封锁同时发生,资金会选择哪条通道?

上一篇《谁的美元?霍尔木兹的 USDT 与正在失序的美元体系》,我们追踪了美元在失序中的路径——它仍然是全世界的定价货币,但它的许可正在被绕开。USDT 寄生在美元的价格上,却不经过美元的金融通道。一个不被许可的美元,正在裂缝中生长。

而这一篇,我们来看另一条路径:人民币。它不是美元的影子,不是寄生者。它有自己的通道、自己的清算系统、自己的国家背书。但它也有一个美元从来没有过的问题——大多数人想要它,却买不到它。

2026 年 3 月的一个夜晚,一艘满载油轮在霍尔木兹海峡最窄处减速。无线电里传来一段波斯语指令:停船,缴费,否则没有护航。

费率是每桶 1 美元。满载 VLCC,一次 200 万美元。接受 USDT、比特币和人民币。不接受美元。

这条承载着全球近三分之一石油运输量的水道,在那个春天变成了一个收费站。而在焦虑的电话和加密的消息背后,一个此前很少被公开讨论的问题,突然变得迫在眉睫:

如果不用美元结算,还能用什么?

一位在地中海和波斯湾之间跑航线的希腊船东,刚刚用 USDT——一种锚定美元的数字货币——完成了一笔通行费的支付。200 万美元,链上转账,十分钟到账——操作他已经熟悉了。但紧接着,合作方发来了第二条消息:下次也可以试试用人民币结算。

他盯着屏幕想了很久。他的公司注册在雅典,客户遍布中东和欧洲。他没有中国客户,没有人民币账户,甚至不确定在希腊哪家银行可以开一个。

他问了一个听起来很简单的问题:怎么拿到人民币?

大多数人在争论"人民币能不能取代美元"。但这个问题也许问错了。更实际的问题是:一个想用人民币的人,此刻能不能拿到它?

这个问题的答案,比他想象的复杂得多。

一、全球最大的贸易国,最难买的货币

一个直觉上不该存在的事实:

中国是全球最大的贸易国,但人民币却是全世界最难买到的主要货币之一。

2025 年,中国的贸易顺差达到 1.19 万亿美元——中国每年从全世界净赚超过一万亿美元的货物差价。但在全球跨境支付的统计里,人民币只占 3%。钱赚得多,花出去得少。顺差留在中国体内,全世界拿不到。

你想拿到人民币,正常路径只有一条:跟中国做生意,赚人民币。但全球十大经济体里,只有巴西和俄罗斯对中国有贸易顺差。其余八个全是逆差方——美国每年逆差 2800 亿美元,日本、德国、印度、英国、法国、意大利、加拿大全部是净买家。人民币是从你手里流出去的,不是流进来的。

那去金融市场上买?全球最大的离岸人民币池子在香港,大约 80% 的离岸人民币支付都经过那里。但池子浅得惊人——全球离岸市场的人民币存款加在一起,大约 1.6 万亿元,而中国一年贸易顺差折合人民币就超过 8 万亿。整个池子还不够顺差的零头。

而且池子正在被抽干。三年前,香港银行里存着的人民币只借出去了两成。到 2025 年年中,这个比例飙到了九成以上——存进来的钱几乎全被借走了。

2025 年秋天的广交会上,一家江苏电动三轮车企业的经理站在展台前对记者说:"许多外国客户现在主动选择人民币结算。不是我们发起的,是客户提出来的。"选择人民币的客户数量,他说大约翻了一倍。

需求在涨,池子跟不上。香港金管局 2025 年 10 月推出了一项 1000 亿元的流动性注入工具,40 家银行一抢而空。三个月后额度紧急翻倍到 2000 亿——资金顺着香港这个枢纽流向了东盟、中东和欧洲。但这些终归是救急。

池子长不大的根本原因,是中国经济体的一个基础结构:中国是顺差国,人民币随着贸易流回中国,而不是流出去。美元为什么到处都是?因为美国是逆差国——每年买进几千亿美元的商品,美元随着逆差"发"到了全世界。拉各斯街头能换到美元,曼谷夜市能花美元。人民币正好相反,顺差留在体内。

Bloomberg 在 3 月引述了一位大宗商品贸易商的话。他的公司过去十年都用美元结算中东原油,今年第一次有客户要求用人民币付款。他花了三周研究怎么做,结论是:开户要六到八周,他的船等不了。

"不是技术问题,"他说。"是你没有通道。"

一万亿的池子,难以接住全世界的需求。

二、从纽约到上海的金条

回到那个船东。他问怎么拿到人民币,中间人回了一个词:黄金。

这并不仅仅是一个隐喻。

Arthur Hayes——加密货币世界里最著名的宏观分析师之一——在 2026 年 4 月的一篇文章里描述了一条链:

各国卖掉美国国债 → 用美元买黄金 → 把黄金运到瑞士重铸 → 交付到中国的黄金市场 → 换成人民币 → 通过中国的跨境支付系统转给伊朗。

(Gold-Backed Stablecoins Explained: How They Work and the Top 5 to Watch)

我花了一些时间去拆这条链。结论是:每个环节单独成立,但环节之间的因果关系是推断,不是证据。不过,它的每一个单独环节,都有数据支撑。最终拼在一起,它们构成了一幅相对完整的画面:

  • 2026 年春天,美国的非货币性黄金出口连续多月成为全美最大出口品类。不是芯片,不是飞机,不是大豆——是金条。金融分析师 Luke Gromen 翻了二十年的美国贸易记录,说这种模式此前从未出现过。

  • 这些黄金大部分流向瑞士。瑞士有全球四大黄金精炼厂——Valcambi、Argor-Heraeus、PAMP、Metalor——它们做一件很简单的事:把来自全世界的金条熔化,重铸成中国偏好的 1 公斤标准规格。2023 年瑞士黄金出口的最大买家是中国,251 亿瑞士法郎。2026 年 3 月,瑞士对华黄金出口环比增长 18%。

  • 同一个月,中国央行宣布连续第 15 个月增持黄金。官方持有量达到 2308 吨。

黄金流出美国的主要原因,其实是 2025 年 COMEX 套利交易的回吐——当时因为关税恐慌,4330 万盎司黄金涌入纽约仓库,现在开始流出。这首先是一个商业行为。

但这些数据指向同一个方向:

黄金正在从西方流向东方,而黄金正在以最原始的价值传输方式,承担起两套互不兼容的金融系统之间的翻译器。

你在美元世界里持有的资产,先转化成一个两边都认可的"中间格式"——黄金——然后导入人民币世界。

八十年前布雷顿森林体系建立的时候,国际结算就是这样做的。八十年后,在制裁和封锁的压力下,人类又回到了搬运金属的那个年代。

三、一条正在成形的通道——CIPS

黄金是过渡方案。而真正的长期方案,是一条大多数中国人都不太熟悉的支付通道。

先说大家知道的。SWIFT——全球银行之间的"短信系统"。你从中国汇一笔钱到日本,SWIFT 做的事情是告诉日本的银行:"有一笔钱要从中国来,金额是多少,付款人是谁。"SWIFT 本身不搬钱,只搬信息。但正因为搬的是信息,谁控制了 SWIFT,谁就能看到全世界每一笔跨境交易的细节。

CIPS 是中国建的另一套系统——跨境银行间支付系统。跟 SWIFT 不同的是,它既能发短信也能搬钱,消息传递和清算结算集成在一起。大部分时候,CIPS 仍然借用 SWIFT 来发消息——大约 80% 的交易如此。但关键是它可以不借。当需要独立运行的时候,CIPS 自己能发消息、自己能搬钱。

(CIPS to launch yuan-denominated letter of credit service during Lujiazui Forum)

2012 年,中国央行启动了 CIPS 的建设。三年后的 2015 年 10 月 8 日,系统正式上线。那一天,19 家银行接入,全球没有太多人当回事。上线当天完成的第一笔交易,是新加坡工商银行替一家公司向上海宝钢清算了 3500 万人民币。同一天,渣打银行通过 CIPS 替宜家完成了一笔从中国到卢森堡的人民币转账。

一家新加坡的贸易商,一家瑞典的家具公司。这就是 CIPS 的第一批用户。

十年后的 2025 年底:193 家直接参与者,1573 家间接参与者,覆盖 124 个国家和地区,全年处理 26.4 万亿美元。从 19 到 193,悄然无声地长了十倍。而 CIPS 的股东名单本身就耐人寻味——央行持股 16%,其余股东包括银联、大型国有银行,还有汇丰、渣打、花旗、星展、法巴、澳新银行。这不是一个封闭系统,而是一个中国主导、西方银行参与的混合体。

而且扩张还在加速。2026 年初,阿联酋的 First Abu Dhabi Bank 加入 CIPS 成为海湾地区第一家人民币清算行——以前在中东用人民币结算必须绕回中国境内的银行,现在可以直接在迪拜完成。

DBS 银行中国区负责人曾经对媒体说过一句话:"企业有清晰的商业理由使用人民币——优化资金管理、减少汇兑成本、降低不确定性。"

这不是地缘政治口号。这是生意人在算账。

那个希腊船东今天买不到人民币,不意味着三年后还买不到。通道正在一条一条被凿开。

四、买不到的,和回不去的

那个船东最终没有搞到人民币。太慢了。开户要几周,合规审查要几周,他的船等不了。他还是付了 USDT。

但他做了一件事。回到雅典之后,他让公司的财务总监研究怎么在香港开一个人民币账户。不是因为今天需要,而是因为他不想下次再面对一个他无法选择的选项。

他不是在选边站。他只是发现,只有一条轨道的人,在这个世界里太脆弱了。多开一个账户,多接一条通道,不是因为不信任美元——是因为只有一条路可走的人,走得不安心。

那批从美国流出的黄金,此刻正在瑞士的精炼厂里被重铸。它们会变成上海交割库里的 1 公斤标准金条,然后变成一笔人民币,流进某条通道。也许是一家中国企业在中东的一笔货款,也许是一笔深圳工厂进口澳洲铁矿石的日常付款。

买不到,是人民币此刻的现实,回不去的,是那些可能明天就会被中断的美元通路。

而那些已经找到入口的人,不会再回头了。

至少,那个船东不会。

本文中的船东形象基于多个公开报道中的真实案例综合构建,不代表某一特定个人或企业。

引用与参考:Citrini Research《Strait of Hormuz: A Citrini Field Trip》(2026.4);Arthur Hayes《No Trade Zone》(2026.4);Atlantic Council GeoEconomics Center;TRM Labs;Fortune;Luke Gromen, FFTT;Wells Fargo;Swiss Federal Customs Administration;World Gold Council;CIPS 官方数据;中国商务部阻断令公告(2026.5.2);Bloomberg;Financial Times;CNBC

相关阅读:谁的美元?霍尔木兹的 USDT 与正在失序的美元体系

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