对话 Agora CEO Nick:稳定币牌照争夺战,才刚开始

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-06Last updated on 2026-05-06

Nick van Eck(Agora 联合创始人兼 CEO)讲解了:当一家稳定币发行方申请联邦信托银行牌照时,会发生什么变化,这对 AUSD 意味着什么,以及那句创始人常说的话——“提交申请并不代表你一定能拿到牌照”——为什么是当下最重要的现实约束。

新闻背景:Agora 已向 美国货币监理署(OCC)提交了国家信托银行牌照申请,加入了自 4 月 1 日以来规模最大的一波加密银行申请潮。AUSD 的储备资产由现金、美国国债(T-bills)以及逆回购构成,并由 VanEck 和 State Street 负责管理。Agora 去年夏天完成了由 Paradigm 领投的 5000 万美元 A 轮融资,同时结束了此前的 DeFi 激励阶段,战略转向企业支付、B2B 结算、薪资发放以及为金融科技公司和平台提供白标发行服务。此次申请信托牌照,是这一战略演进的延续,而不是赛道切换。

Nick 进一步拆解了申请过程中的实际运营情况:包括完整的商业计划书、财务预测模型(pro forma)、一个四人规模的合规团队,以及就在两周前刚刚招聘的市场负责人。他解释了为什么 Agora 希望成为 50 多家“稳定币新银行”(stablecoin neobanks)底层的“裸金属基础设施”(bare metal),而不是在应用层与它们竞争。

他还谈到,一旦通过 Fireblocks、Coinbase、Kraken、Circle Mint、Cryptio 等渠道,将稳定币发行迁移到“在岸”(on-shore)体系内,对 AUSD 会带来哪些能力解锁。同时,他将 GENIUS Act 解读为一个明确的监管信号——“可以回归本土(come home)”。

此外,内容还涵盖了 Agora 与 Erebor 在 7×24 小时结算方面的合作、与 VanEck 和 State Street 的储备管理机制,以及 Agora 在“跻身全球前五大稳定币发行方”的竞争格局中的定位。

Takeaways:

  1. 申请联邦信托银行牌照,本质是从“做稳定币”升级为“做金融基础设施”
    不是简单合规,而是把发行、托管、资金进出(on/off ramp)全部纳入同一监管框架,从而获得在美国本土发行与服务客户的核心能力。
  2. “提交申请不代表拿到牌照”是当前阶段最大现实约束
    牌照竞争不是技术问题,而是资本、团队、监管沟通能力的综合博弈,周期长且不确定性高,是典型的“少数玩家游戏”。
  3. GENIUS Act 实际上是美国对稳定币的“政策招安”
    核心信号是鼓励发行方从离岸(如百慕大)迁回美国,在岸发行将成为下一阶段主流路径。
  4. 稳定币发行层(issuer)是整个价值链的利润源头
    掌握发行权意味着可以控制收益分配、mint/redeem成本和定价权,是唯一具备“系统性利润空间”的位置。
  5. Agora 的核心战略:做“底层金属”(bare metal),而不是做应用层 neobank
    他们选择成为 50+ 稳定币 neobank 背后的基础设施,而不是参与前端获客竞争,从一开始就避开 CAC 内卷。
  6. 当前稳定币 neobank 模式存在结构性缺陷
    大多数玩家依赖相同的 on/off ramp 和稳定币(USDC/USDT),没有产品控制权,最终只能卷价格和获客,难以形成护城河。
  7. 控制关键节点,而不是全栈自建,是最优基础设施路径
    Agora 只自建“发行+牌照”这两个长期 moat,其余如托管、密钥管理交给成熟第三方,提升效率同时保留核心控制权。
  8. 他们刻意避免成为传统银行(不吸储、不放贷)
    定位是“稳定币发行 + 数字资产托管”,而不是参与 fractional reserve lending,这是一条完全不同的金融机构路径。
  9. 企业接入稳定币的最大痛点是“系统碎片化”
    当前需要同时接入 Fireblocks、Coinbase/ Kraken、审计工具等多个系统,复杂度极高,这正是“一站式平台”的机会。
  10. AUSD 的升级不是资产升级,而是平台化升级
    未来用户不只是用 AUSD,而是直接使用 Agora 提供的整套系统(更快、更便宜、更高收益、合规更强)。
  11. Onshore issuance(在岸发行)是关键拐点
    一旦获得美国信托银行牌照,可以直接服务美国客户,大幅降低机构采用门槛,提升信任与合规性。
  12. 银行与稳定币将长期共存,形成“双轨体系”
    银行负责法币轨道(RTP、Fedwire),稳定币负责链上轨道(24/7、全球),两者是互补而非替代关系。
  13. 7×24 小时资金流动能力是稳定币的核心优势
    相比传统银行系统的非实时结算,稳定币在全球资金流动效率上具备结构性优势,是 adoption 的根本驱动力。
  14. 监管复杂性本身构成强护城河
    高资本要求、强团队门槛和长期审批流程,使得发行层将逐步走向集中化,形成“少数头部玩家”。
  15. 最大政策变量:是否允许稳定币分发收益(yield)
    如果允许,将极大增强稳定币吸引力并强化美元地位;如果限制,将直接影响整个商业模式的竞争力。

主持人:
很高兴见到你们。

Nick van Eck:
也很高兴见到你。

主持人:
我昨天在看,你在纽约证券交易所,是今天还是昨天?你当时在那边转了一圈,感觉怎么样?

Nick van Eck:
挺棒的。纽约证券交易所真的很漂亮。我之前在那边做的采访基本都是早上 8:30 到 10:00,那时候特别忙。昨天的采访是在一个比较安静的时间段,是我见过最安静的一次交易所,但整体来说是一个非常棒、非常漂亮的场地,所以在那里体验很好。

主持人:
昨天有没有什么你没来得及讲、但希望在这个节目里补充的内容?

Nick van Eck:
我觉得昨天聊的很多是银行如何试图放慢 GENIUS 法案的推进。我更希望我们当时能多聊一点银行在稳定币中的机会,以及我们在做什么,因为我们是准备去抓住这个机会的。昨天更多是在讲银行为什么要放慢节奏,这其实很直观——任何可能威胁他们业务的新技术,他们都会想拖慢。但实际上这里面有很多关于机会的内容可以聊,银行以及像我们这样的参与者,其实应该更积极地投入进去。

主持人:
那我们先从你们上周发布的消息开始吧。你们提交了一些申请,具体是申请什么?它在 Agora 的整体战略和当前监管环境中处于什么位置?

Nick van Eck:
背景是 GENIUS 法案去年通过,赋予了 美国货币监理署(OCC)对美国稳定币发行的联邦监管权。我们一直在努力构建产品,以支撑未来的愿景。今年一季度我们做了很多准备工作,目标是申请国家信托银行牌照。上周五我们宣布,已经提交了 Agora National Trust Bank 的申请。

这个牌照如果拿到,将为我们带来统一的联邦监管(前提是获批),同时也能扩展我们的产品能力。我们已经做了将近两年的稳定币发行业务。发行方这个角色本身就带来很多利润空间,可以在整个价值链其他环节发挥作用。我们的使命一直是把企业带到链上。

企业在考虑是否进入稳定币时,通常会考虑三件事:
第一,如何接触和操作这些资产——也就是钱包或托管;
第二,如何在现有金融体系和链上世界之间转换;
第三,合规、税务、审计等问题——目前稳定币在很多情况下还不被视为“现金”,在 GENIUS 生效前,这对企业审计是个问题。

我们目前解决的是“用什么资产”的问题,我们认为应该用 AUSD,因为我们会分发收益,同时支持免费法币铸造和赎回。未来我们会提供一整套开箱即用的能力,让企业更快转账、赚取更多收益、建立全球业务。

主持人:
这个愿景是一开始就有的吗?还是最近才逐渐形成的?

Nick van Eck:
我们从一开始就有“掌控整个技术栈”的愿景,产品方向一直是清晰的,只是节奏上有变化。比如白标稳定币本来就在路线图里,但去年因为市场热度我们加速了推进。不过从商业角度看,它只是一个功能,而不是平台本身。

核心发行能力才是平台。我们一直在思考在这个平台之上还能构建什么。

说实话,在创业初期,我从没想过自己会申请成为一家联邦银行的 CEO。当时的环境完全不同。GENIUS 的推进速度比我预期快很多,这很好,因为它提前释放了需求。所以去年夏天我们就决定要为此做好准备,开始内部建设。

监管清晰化对我们非常重要。过去大家要拼接 50 个州的牌照(MTL),再加上像 NYDFS 这样的监管,非常复杂。GENIUS 会极大加速稳定币采用。现在市场规模已经 3000 亿美元,但美国还没有完整监管框架,这其实很惊人。

接下来这一年主要是准备期,真正爆发可能在 2027、2028。

主持人:
你们提到“要成为 bare metal(底层基础设施)”,这个理念是怎么来的?

Nick van Eck:
过去一两个月,稳定币“新银行”爆发了,不管是 To C 还是 To B,基本都在用类似的技术栈:钱包、on/off ramp、卡等等,然后拼命卷获客成本。

我们的看法是,你必须成为底层基础设施,这样才能掌握利润空间。现在这些 neobank 用的都是类似 Bridge 这样的服务,on/off ramp 收 3–5 个 basis point,他们对核心产品没有控制权。

所以我们决定从稳定币本身做起。作为发行方,我们既是资产提供者,也是天然的 on/off ramp。AUSD 的策略是免费,这样就不会出现类似“从 Venmo 转到 Bank of America 还要收费”的荒谬情况。

我们希望减少中间层,直接触达客户。在关键战略点上做“金属层”,其他非核心能力可以用第三方,比如托管和密钥管理已经是成熟领域,但牌照必须自己拿,这样才能控制体验。

主持人:
不同牌照(比如 national trust vs BitLicense)有什么区别?你们为什么选这个路径?

Nick van Eck:
大多数人理解银行是存款+放贷(部分准备金),但我们不是这个模式。我们更像是提供全球流动性和法币通道的发行方。

我们不做吸储和放贷。比如 Mercury 最近拿到的是存款银行牌照,他们未来会自己吸储放贷。而我们只想做两件事:发行稳定币 + 托管数字资产。

其他功能,比如美元账户,可以通过合作银行提供。发行方本身就需要全球银行基础设施,这个没人能从零建出来。

主持人:
如果一切顺利,AUSD 会有什么变化?

Nick van Eck:
最大变化是可以直接服务美国客户。目前我们用的是百慕大牌照。GENIUS 实际上是在鼓励我们“回归美国”。

从第一天起,我们就可以提供美国用户直接铸造/赎回。

更重要的是产品层:
未来企业不再只是用 AUSD,而是直接用 Agora 的整套系统——更快、更便宜、更高收益,而且在信托银行体系下更安全。

现在如果一个美国企业想用稳定币,需要:
Fireblocks + Coinbase/ Kraken/ Circle Mint + Cryptio + 其他工具,流程极其复杂。

我们要做的是把这些全部整合成一个系统,这会是 killer app。

主持人:
你们和 Erebor 的合作是怎么来的?

Nick van Eck:
我们大概一年前认识他们。发行方有大量存款,对银行来说很有吸引力。同时双方都在推动资金流动的前沿——他们做传统支付轨道(RTP、Fedwire),我们做链上轨道(Ethereum、Solana等)。

稳定币需要 7×24 小时运行,而银行系统不是。Erebor 正在推动这一点,所以双方很互补。

主持人:
申请联邦牌照难吗?

Nick van Eck:
非常难。相比 50 州 MTL,这是一套统一框架,但门槛极高:

  • 管理层和董事会必须有经验

  • 需要大量资本

  • 要有完整商业计划和财务预测

  • 要持续和监管沟通

我们有 4 人合规团队、完整财务团队,几乎没花钱做增长,直到两周前才招第一个市场人员。

这是完全不同于软件公司的运营方式。

而且要明确一点:提交申请 ≠ 一定获批。我们还在持续推进。

主持人:
从监管角度,现在是一个怎样的时代?

Nick van Eck:
这是美国银行监管历史上最重要的时期之一,会改变金融市场、资本市场和支付体系,不只是美国,而是全球。

主持人:
你觉得最大的风险点是什么?

Nick van Eck:
过去几个月,关于“收益分发”的讨论很多。我们认为发行方应该尽可能自由地分发收益,这对全球用户都有吸引力,也会增强美元的吸引力。希望这个点能处理好。

主持人:
最后有什么补充吗?

嘉宾:
现在还处在早期阶段,但方向是对的,接下来增长会很快。

Nick van Eck:
我们会有更多合作和讨论。

主持人:
感谢参与。

Nick van Eck:
谢谢邀请。

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