日本央行如何摧毁日元套利交易和加密货币市场?

币界网Published on 2024-08-06Last updated on 2024-08-06

币界网报道:

作者:Alex O’Donnell,CoinTelegraph;编译:邓通,

8 月 5 日,加密货币经历了多年来最糟糕的一天。很少有人预见到这一点,但交易员对杠杆的沉迷已经悄悄地放大了几个月的市场风险。如果杠杆交易是导火索,那么日元的突然上涨就是火柴。幸运的是,火可能很快就会熄灭。

日元贷款成本飙升导致了此次崩盘。现在,随着交易员最终削减杠杆和日元敞口,市场将迎来健康反弹。如果更广泛的市场稳定下来——而且很可能如此——加密货币可能很快就会卷土重来。

廉价借贷

众所周知,加密货币交易并不基于基本面。价格主要由短期机构交易者推动,他们从加密货币的波动中获利。为了提高回报,交易者会利用杠杆或借入资金加倍头寸——通常数额惊人。崩盘前不久,未平仓合约(衡量净借款的指标)接近 400 亿美元。

所有这些借来的钱都必须来自某个地方。最近,那个地方就是日本。2022 年,美国国库券利率多年来首次升至零以上,并持续攀升。在日本,利率保持在最低水平。贸易公司从中获利——借入巨额日本贷款,以低成本为其他市场的交易提供融资。

这似乎是个好时机。到 2023 年,加密货币的牛市全面展开。杠杆交易(可以将收益或损失放大 2 倍或更多)带来了丰厚的回报。与此同时,交易员以日元计价的融资几乎是免费的。

这就是所谓的日元套利交易的本质,而且它并不是加密货币独有的。根据 ING 银行的一份报告,到 2024 年,以日元计价的外国借款人贷款达到约 2 万亿美元,比两年前增长了 50% 以上。

日本 17 年政策的终结

7 月 31 日,一切都发生了变化,日本央行将短期政府债券利率从 0% 提高到 0.25%。(此前,日本央行在 3 月份将利率从 -0.1% 提高,这是 17 年来首次。)这一看似无害的举动引发了一系列事件,最终导致比特币大跌。

甚至传统市场也受到了严重冲击,标准普尔 500 指数(美国股票指数)当天下跌超过 5%。

催化剂并不是日本加息,而是随后发生的事情:外汇市场上日元的飙升。(当国内利率上升时,货币通常会升值。)从 7 月 31 日起,美元兑日元汇率从 1 美元兑 153 日元左右跌至 145 日元。突然之间,以日元计价的贷款变得非常昂贵。

无论是因为贷方追加保证金还是出于谨慎,交易员们开始抛售数十亿美元的头寸。Jump Trading 在 7 月 24 日至 8 月 4 日期间抛售了价值超过 3.7 亿美元的 ETH,这引起了轰动,但并未引发市场低迷。Jump 最多只是加剧了注定要成为历史性抛售的局面。

2024 年 8 月 4 日至 5 日晚上 24 小时的清算数据。来源:CoinGlass

事实上,根据 CoinGlass 的数据,8 月 4 日至 5 日期间,超过 10 亿美元的杠杆交易头寸(代表数十万笔交易)被清算。

强势回归?

对于某些疾病,发烧就是治愈方法。希望市场正在发生这样的事情。交易员们被从高风险杠杆头寸中震出,并最终削减了巨额日元计价的贷款债务。在加密货币方面,净未平仓合约目前为 270 亿美元——比崩盘前减少了近 130 亿美元。

与此同时,荷兰国际集团 (ING) 表示,美元/日元可能已无下跌空间。

如果其他所有方法都失败,那么总会有降息。日本股市 8 月 5 日下跌约 12%——这是自 1987 年以来最大的单日跌幅。这可能迫使日本央行进行干预,减轻借款人的打击。美国的情况可能也会得到缓解,因为 7 月份的一份报告显示失业率急剧上升。

在日本,“如果干预措施奏效——现在是时候了,”Mount Lucas Management 高级投资组合经理 David Aspellh表示。“鉴于美国最近的数据,美联储似乎将比几个月前预想的更积极地降息。”

如果这种情况发生,那么加密货币可能会在夏末反弹。当然,加密货币市场是不可预测的。如果这一切有什么教训,那就是在进行另一次杠杆交易之前要三思而后行。

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