哈里斯、特朗普首次直面辩论,市场最关心什么?

深潮Опубликовано 2024-09-09Обновлено 2024-09-09

预计辩论将聚焦在国内经济政策上,哈里斯和特朗普可能会在通胀、关税、税收等方面产生冲突。

撰文:李笑寅,华尔街见闻

由于上周五公布的美国非农数据不佳,美股应声下跌。标普大盘跌超 1.7%、全周跌超 4% 创一年半来最大单周跌幅。

除了对经济衰退的担忧,随着美国大选进入最后阶段,其不确定性也使美股承压。

北京时间本周三上午 9:00,总统候选人特朗普和哈里斯将在费城开展 2024 年大选的第二次辩论,这也是哈里斯接替拜登成为民主党总统候选人后与共和党总统候选人特朗普之间的首次同台正面交锋。

辩论如何进行?

民生证券总结称,辩论规则上,当地时间 9 月 10 日晚上 9 点,特朗普和哈里斯将进行 90 分钟的电视直播辩论,现场不设观众,一方发言时,另一方麦克风将被静音。

哈里斯此前曾要求全程开启麦克风(以暴露特朗普的性格缺点),9 月 5 日她同意了静音规则。双方或在 10 月将再次辩论,目前尚无具体安排。

辩论议题上,预计和 6 月 27 日特朗普和拜登的辩论类似,聚焦在国内经济政策上,包括通胀、企业和个人税收、住房、移民等问题。缺乏政策经验的哈里斯如何应对是一大看点。

市场最关心什么?

据媒体预计,在周三的辩论中,哈里斯和特朗普可能会在通胀、关税、税收等方面产生冲突。

特朗普的经济政策以加征关税为中心,他呼吁对所有外国商品征收 10% 至 20% 的关税,并对所有外国制造的商品征收基本关税等,而哈里斯则主张限制性关税,继续延续温和贸易政策和技术领域的「小院高墙」。

有经济学家分析指出,提高关税的主张对经济增长的影响「弊大于利」,并将推高通胀。彼得森国际经济研究所的一项分析显示,特朗普关税制度所带来的物价上涨,将导致一个普通美国家庭每年的开销增加 2600 美元。

其次,税收问题也是一大议题。两党都把减税当作竞选策略,但在企业加税还是减税上方向不同。

哈里斯主张「Rewarding Work, Not Wealth」,将企业税率从 21% 提升至 28%(特朗普 2017 年的立法从 35% 降至 21%)并提高最低税率;特朗普的税收减免政策更加直接和单一(全面延续公司和个人税收优惠),并计划对企业减税。

此外,特朗普于 2017 年推出的减税政策将于明年到期,因此下一任总统即将面临是否要延续该政策的决定。

广发证券还补充表示,在住房政策方面,哈里斯的政策计划更为激进,主张大规模增加供给的同时补贴需求,而特朗普对住房补贴方面的宣传非常有限。

能源政策方面,哈里斯希望通过加大新能源投资和补贴项目来提高清洁能源占比;而特朗普声称如果他再次入主白宫,将考虑取消最高 7500 美元的电动汽车联邦税收抵免。

总体而言,哈里斯在国内经济政策上较为激进,特朗普在海外经济政策上较为激进。

「特朗普交易」VS「哈里斯交易」

广发证券指出,哈里斯和特朗普双方政策主张差异较大的部分(如企业税政策、能源政策)对相关行业在不同情形下的影响差异,是金融市场区分「特朗普交易」和「哈里斯交易」相对最明朗的部分。

具体到后续影响来看,二人的政策主张均会带来通胀和赤字上行的风险,对经济增长的影响尚存在不确定性,特朗普的贸易政策可能利空非美资产。

对通胀的影响:哈里斯的抗通胀政策较为全面,但存在现实操作问题,对住房市场的刺激尤其隐含通胀诱因;特朗普政策着力点较为集中,但在贸易、移民上的政策也会给通胀带来不确定性。

对政府赤字的影响:哈里斯和特朗普政策均指向较高的赤字率,前者的情形下相对更可控一些。

对经济增长的影响:两人的政策主张对名义增长率的影响存在不确定性,所以市场在总量定价上对于现实的美联储政策相对更为敏感。从结构来看,哈里斯的政策相对有利于新能源、房地产、大众消费。

对非美资产的影响:贸易政策可能是一个关键区别,特朗普上台可能会短期带来对贸易环境的担忧。

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