盘点 10 个值得关注的 DAO 治理实验

DeFi之道Publicado em 2022-12-21Última atualização em 2022-12-21

Resumo

在本文中,我们将探讨几个值得关注的治理实验,并总结出每个实验的关键启示。

简介

加密治理不乏有价值的建议和讨论。在所有类别的 DAO 中,有围绕协议如何设计治理过程的有趣案例研究,以及关于 DAO 供应商选择、协议经济学等的建议。加密治理机制仍然是新生事物,它是最活跃的创新领域之一。在本文中,我们将探讨几个值得关注的治理实验,并总结出每个实验的关键启示。

DAO 治理元设计和流程的实验

对于任何想要成功并扩大规模的协议,各种利益相关者应该对协议的设计和方向有着投入。今天的大多数协议都被设计成 1 代币 1 投票,这是简单但不完整的方法。至于原因,Vitalik 很好地进行了阐述,纯粹的代币持有者投票系统会导致不平等、激励错位,以及通过买票进行的潜在攻击。为所有利益相关者设计可持续、可扩展的治理系统并非易事,应该有着各种方法。

Optimism 两院治理系统

Optimism 在 2022 年 4 月推出了 Optimism Collective,以创建一个去中心化的生态系统并尝试治理。作为背景,Optimism Collective 是一个由社区、公司和支持 Optimism 生态系统的人组成的团体,由 Optimism 基金会负责管理。虽然大多数协议治理设计在历史上只涉及代币治理,但 Optimism Collective 是一个两院制系统,由两院管理,即 Citizens’House 和 Token House.

Token House 对项目激励、协议升级进行投票,并管理国库基金。Token House 是由第一次 Optimism 代币空投建立的,该空投将代币分配给了成千上万的参与“正和的、面向社区行为“的人,如向 Gitcoin grants 进行捐赠,在 DAO 中投票。

Citizens’House 则注重于分配追溯公共产品的资金,由 Optimism 收集的收入产生。公民身份是由不可转让的代币授予的,并将随着时间的推移分配给越来越多的公民。这确保了 Optimism 由广泛的生态系统参与者代表(而不仅仅是代币持有人),且治理不会被一个财阀系统所驱动。

Element 动态治理委员会

作为去中心化路线图的一部分,Element 于 2022 年 3 月推出 DAO。代币被分配给 Element 社区成员、Ethereum Core 开发者和 DeFi 生态系统项目。

Element 创建了一个治理指导委员会(GSC),该委员会拥有额外的治理权力和责任,由拥有至少 11 万个代币或 0.9% 的委托流通供应量的成员组成。成员的门槛是在连续、滚动的基础上运行的,所以 GSC 总是对收到足够授权的人开放。委员会成员在区块之间是动态的,这意味着授权的投票可以在任何时候改变,导致成员的变化。这可以使委员会成员对社区成员负责,有助于确保他们的投票符合他们的最佳利益。

总的来说,GSC 是通过允许用户选择他们认同的代表来解决治理参与不足的问题。然而,每个 GSC 成员只有一票,代币持有人的投票可以在任何时候推翻 GSC 成员,以保持平衡,使最大的代币持有人没有最大的控制权。

Lido 的双治理结构

Lido 的双 LDO+stETH 治理结构是在治理中实施正式制衡的一种新尝试。

在代币投票治理系统中,代币持有者是唯一直接参与治理的人,可以对决策产生过度影响。其他利益相关者有可能被剥夺权利,受制于代币持有人的一时虚妄。Lido 的双 LDO+stETH 治理结构旨在解决这些问题 -- 它允许通过 Lido 进行质押的 stETH 持有人“否决”某些治理决策。stETH 持有人可以否决的范围基于潜在攻击的下行严重性,包括像协议升级,铸币/烧毁 LDO,协议费用,以及管理节点操作员集等。

这本质上是对 LDO 持有者的治理权力的“检查”,并确保多个协议利益相关者对治理过程有着直接的参与。

由于围绕范围和否决权规则的关键参数仍在讨论中,因此双 stETH 治理还没有上线。一旦启动,它将成为一个有价值的研究案例,用来说明如何创建一个代表并允许多组利益相关者正式参与的治理结构。

ENS Metropolis pods

扩展 DAO 治理的主要问题之一是难以跟上 DAO 中发生的一切。对常规决策进行投票所需的信息量和开销都很大。同样地,代表们也不需要参与 DAO 日常运营的所有方面。代表们不会成为从金融到技术发展到经济设计的每一个主题的专家,他们可能不关心审查高度具体的细节。建立较小的专门小组,专注于某个特定领域更有效率。

例如,ENS DAO 一直在与 Metropolis(以前称为 Orca)合作,这是一个 DAO 的实施方案,专门侧重于启用称为 pod 的小型工作组。每个 pod 可以专注于一个特定的领域,如 DAO 运营、协议改进、社区和公共物品。

对 pod 的访问是通过会员 NFT 授权的,可以撤销,并允许老会员轮流退出,新会员轮流加入。代币持有者可以将他们的投票权(甚至是特定的智能合约权限)委托给一个小组地址,但该小组内的成员可以随着时间的推移而改变。每个 pod 还可以创建子 pod,进一步委托工作。

Nouns 以社区主导的实验

Nouns 作为一个 DAO,每天拍卖一个生成的 NFT,所有收益都进入由 NFT 持有人控制的中央财库。它有一个由协议财库资助的丰富的实验生态系统,并因其资助举措的广泛性而脱颖而出。值得强调的几个项目包括 Prop House、Nouns Builder 和 Agora。

Prop House 是一个开放的赏金系统,用于建立和资助新的 NounsDAO 项目提案。虽然许多协议都有赠款项目,但 Prop House 因其资助的范围而脱颖而出 -- 从大型壁画和消费品,到开发者工具、新前端和 MEV 机器人。Nouns 因其资助事物的巨大范围而引人注目,而 Prop House 是这种动态的中心。

Nouns Builder 是 Zora 创建的一个新工具,允许任何人复制 Nouns 的拍卖动态。它是一个简单的无代码工具,降低了创建和扩展 DAO 的成本。Nouns Builder 帮助扩散每日拍卖机制,并在本质上“产品化”了一些帮助 Nouns 首先成长的关键创新。Nouns 的每日拍卖机制是增加分配和参与的重要原始手段,允许他人轻松使用是很有价值的。

Agora 是一个授权工具,允许 Nouns 持有人对如何使用和分配他们的治理权进行细化控制。它有一些显著的特点,包括:

完全的代表可视性:所有的投票记录和投票背后的理由都会显示出来。

流动性授权:允许代币持有者以模块化的方式分配他们的投票权,让某些代表对某类决定进行投票,同时将其他决定保留给单独的代表。

代表竞赛:经常性的竞赛,将投票权分配给得票最多的代表。

总的来说,Nouns 代表了加密治理中最令人兴奋和创新的项目之一。很有可能的是,为 Nouns 构建的更多基元和工具将激增,并影响其他协议如何构建和扩展其治理平台。

值得关注的 DAO 治理提案

DAO 治理不乏包含有争议的,戏剧化的提案。从供应商选择提案,到协议愿景和路线图提案,再到协议经济学,有无数的例子可以参考。

ATOM 2.0

每个协议都会经历一个“英雄旅程”,以了解它的核心任务是什么,以及如何在此过程中获取价值。比特币花了大约 10 年的时间决定了“数字黄金”的愿景,在此之前,它还考虑了其他路径,如“数字现金”或“支付网络”。同样的,以太坊也考虑了许多不同的路径,包括“世界计算机”、“筹款平台”,“DeFi”和“DAO”。

Cosmos 也不例外 -- 它经历了许多关于其长期目的和愿景的讨论。最近的努力,即 ATOM 2.0 倡议,是 Cosmos 生态系统内许多利益相关者之间的合作,旨在为 Cosmos Hub 创造一个统一的愿景。

该倡议的主要目的是让 Cosmos Hub 有办法为生态系统创造价值,并为 ATOM 持有者获取价值。这是通过几个具体的概念来实现的,包括链间安全、流动性质押、链间调度器和分配器模块。这些理念结合在一起,使得 ATOM Hub 可以为其他应用链提供安全、资金和支持。目前,USDC、Neutron 等协议已计划推出并使用该文件中阐述的一些关键想法。

然而,ATOM 2.0 提案最终没有通过,因为一些社区成员不同意该文件的所有内容,特别是围绕经济政策和代币分配的内容。尽管如此,关于如何更好地向前推进的讨论仍在继续,许多提出的想法也仍在进行中。总的来说,ATOM 2.0 倡议是一个有价值的案例研究,以说明协议如何凝聚在一个统一的愿景和焦点上。

Osmosis 桥接选择

Osmosis 桥接选择过程是 DAO 进行供应商选择的一种独特方式。首先,作为背景,Osmosis 是一个去中心化的交易所,提供对所有链上资产的访问,首先是 Cosmos。使 Osmosis 用户能够交易 EVM 资产变得至关重要,而这样做需要将 EVM 与 Cosmos 桥接供应商进行集成。出于用户体验和工程方面的原因,社区决定选择一个单一的标准桥供应商,而不是整合多个。

挑选单一的规范供应商需要进行供应商挑选,在用户体验、安全、执行和声誉等各方面对供应商进行比较。四个桥接参加了这次比试,包括 Axelar, Wormhole, Nomad 和 Gravity。关于挑选哪个桥接的辩论是在社区电话、AMA、Twitter Space 和其他公共场所进行。

最后,选择留给 DAO 本身,投票过程通过一系列链上治理提案进行。所有四个桥选项都创建了提案,而 Axelar 以最多的赞成票取胜,且目前仍是 EVM 链到 Osmosis 的典范桥接。对于许多需要与外部伙伴合作的协议而言,Osmosis 桥接选择的过程是一个有趣的案例分析。

Fei 和 Rari DAO 合并

Fei 和 Rari Capital 于 2021 年 12 月合并,成为迄今为止最大的 DAO 合并。两个社区都投票允许 Rari Capital 的 RGT 代币转换为 Fei 的治理代币 TRIBE,比率为每 RGT 约 26.7 TRIBE。不同意合并的代币持有者有机会退出,这样剩余的代币持有者就会保持一致。虽然合并最后出现了一些问题,如涉及 Rari Capital 黑客的赔偿问题的争论,以及 Tribe DAO 本身的关闭,但这仍然是一个关于协议如何合并的有趣实验。

Uniswap 费用

关于是否开启 Uniswap 的 "费用开关",导致部分费用由 Uniswap 协议保留,已经进行了大量讨论。Uniswap 社区成员建议以测试的方式开启这个费用开关,在有限的 3 个池子中进行 120 天测试。

在 2022 年 8 月进行的共识检查中,该建议得到了压倒性多数的支持。鉴于 Uniswap 在 DeFi 生态系统中的重要作用,实验结果可能有助于指导其他项目讨论是否应该围绕协议和社区能够从费用中获得收益和增值进行投票。

Gitcoin 由公司转为 DAO

建立 Gitcoin 的原始公司 Gitcoin Holdings 打算随着时间的推移进一步分散项目的权力,并于 2021 年 5 月启动 Gitcoin DAO。2022 年 3 月,Gitcoin DAO 通过了一项提案,旨在将 Gitcoin Holdings 的资产(域名、代码库、商标、社交媒体账户)的所有权转移给 Gitcoin 基金会。

Gitcoin Holdings 的员工随后向 Gitcoin DAO 提交了加入 DAO 作为官方工作组的提案。例如,专注于在 Gitcoin Holdings 旗下的生态系统中构建关键产品的 Gitcoin Product Collective团队要求正式进入 DAO 作为一个工作流,并为他们的工作获得资金。

结论

在数以千计的代币持有者之间进行决策不是一件容易的事。加密治理仍然非常早期,在许多方面有着改进的余地,包括资源分配、制衡和权力分配。

对于加密治理,目前还没有灵丹妙药,但跟踪整个生态系统的实验可以帮助为协议治理的下一次迭代提供一些经验教训。我们希望本文能够为旨在启动、引导和有效运行其治理过程的协议运营商提供一个资源。

最后,感谢 Larry、Carl、Fed、Myles、Getty Hill、Jordan Clifford、Chase Chapman、Kyle Weiss 和 Leighton Cusack 对这篇文章的审核和反馈。

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