观点:一个“更好的元宇宙”将是去中心化的

吴说区块链Publicado em 2022-12-10Última atualização em 2022-12-10

Resumo

对元宇宙的乐观不应该停留对产业规模增长潜力的画大饼,还包括对这个平行世界的重新构建。

早先,Arweave 团队发推宣布,元宇宙公司 Meta 旗下产品 Instagram 将使用 Arweave 存储其创作者的数字收藏品,在 Arweave 官方宣布合作后,AR 一度上涨超 50%。这或许是Meta在元宇宙策略上发生的转变之一——向更去中心化的元宇宙靠拢。

自 Meta 转型元宇宙以来,股价持续暴跌,仅仅在过去的一年市值蒸发约 5000 亿美元,旗下的平台 Horizon world 月活跃用户数不到 20 万,远低于公司在年初设定的 50 万目标。而与 Meta 同样的境遇还有 Roblox、Unity Software 等多家元宇宙概念的上市公司,看衰元宇宙前景似乎成了除业内人士的共识。

在这十分令人担忧前景下,市场不乏也有乐观的声音,在今年 6 月麦肯锡曾发表一篇报告《Value creation in the metaverse》,认为元宇宙产业的未来价值将呈指数级增长,预测到 2030 年可能产生高达 5 万亿美元的收入。

笔者认为,对元宇宙的乐观不应该停留对产业规模增长潜力的画大饼,还包括对这个平行世界的重新构建。

与菲利普.迪克经典科幻著作《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗》或亚历克斯.普罗亚斯电影《我,机器人》等作品将人工智能对人类控制具象化不同,现实世界人工智能对人们的掌控更多时候是潜移默化的、无意识的,就像个人在日常生活中互联网使用的痕迹会被利用,让个人在使用免费的互联网产品上瘾或形成依赖,此时的使用者就像人工智能的奴隶,也让这些使用者成为人工智能幕后资本的被动生产者。

今日,个人活动在每时每刻被人利用的互联网世界就如同生活在一个巨大的圆形数字监狱,人们生活的世界与肖萨娜.祖博夫所说监视资本主义社会无异。而元宇宙应该成为摆脱技术的异化控制,不以工具理性为追求,实现信息民主化的世界。目前,人们信息数据只有使用权,个人信息数据所有权掌握在所用产品公司里,元宇宙应该让人们重夺数字资产的所有权,即使个人使用数字产品而需要提供个人信息数据,最终也不能留存用户数据。

像 Meta 旗下产品 Instagram 使用的去中心化存储协议 Arweave 是一个很好的例子,让个人上传的信息数据得到永久保存,即使未来 Instagram 倒闭,个人仍然能获取其自身的用户信息数据,这便是将个人信息数据的权力还归于个人本身。

元宇宙的弱身份化助推平等世界建设。在元宇宙世界当中,个人创建自己的虚拟形象或选择从市场上购买的 NFT 开启“第二人生”,现实世界身份的个人标签诸如阶级、性别、种族、容貌等被弱化甚至变得无关重要,因为个体在元宇宙拥有自由选择权成为什么样的人、创造怎样的事物,这是一个人人可以构建的世界,这对磨平文化差异和身份认同区隔有巨大意义。

在有着一致技术标准的去除边界的系统里,人们可以在不同元宇宙间畅行无阻,运用 NFT 虚拟形象与与他人建立联结,人们甚至可以在 Decentraland 随意造访林俊杰等明星的家、以旁观者身份在 Animal Crossing Society 参加学术研讨会,而在现实中碍于身份是不能做到的。在现实中的弱势群体或是精英群体在元宇宙中超越自身的角色也超越了偏见,让元宇宙平等兼容并包的社区氛围成为了必然。

民主化也是元宇宙重点建设方向。个人表达意见是参与民主的重要方式,但现实世界里个人意见表达时被集权式政府或组织审查,让表达受限。元宇宙里个人表达意志的权利自由得到保障,即使某个系统被专制压制,个人完全可以轻松地随意退出这个系统,个人进入或退出某个系统不需要任何许可让个人可以从容面对强权的压迫和剥削。

元宇宙让重大革新社会组织形态——DAO 组织更多运用,系统的事务全民共同参与治理,纯社区驱动,公民直接参与治理的雅典式民主让每个人都可以对系统的事务包括投票和提案参与、贡献、协作。而 DAO 的建设不止于于在元宇宙,甚至可以在现实生活中进行议题建构,对抗精英阶层寡头治理,就像 ClimateDAO 向投资者筹集资金,购买大型污染公司的股份,内部向这些公司施压提供应对气候变化方案以实现组织愿景。

互联网初衷也是实现平等,但在大科技企业垄断下最终迷失了方向。二十年前提出的元宇宙为人们勾勒出美好的乌托邦图景,但随着今日中心化公司注意到并加入这个赛道,手里拥有大量的资本和完善的技术让他们更容易抢占先机,元宇宙正遭遇到价值理性再次被工具理性侵蚀的危险,也许“别让元宇宙成为现代互联网糟糕的续集,成为现实世界的复刻”成为我们眼下建设元宇宙的首先需要解决的问题。

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