主网上线困难重重,ETHW路在何方?

Odaily星球日报Publicado em 2022-09-25Última atualização em 2022-09-25

Resumo

对于ETHW未来的发展趋势,现在很难保持乐观的态度。

以太坊合并完成,ETHW 崭露头角

2022年9月15日14时(UTC+8),史诗级的以太坊合并终于宣告顺利完成,自此,以太坊正式踏入新的纪元。

此次合并最大的特点在于以太坊的共识机制由PoW (工作量证明)转变为PoS (权益证明)。两者虽然仅仅一字之差,但这次转变涉及的利益群体之大,可以说是前所未有。

PoW阶段的以太坊,矿工通过哈希碰撞争夺记账权,给交易排序。而采用权益证明后的以太坊,人们将通过在一条新链(信标链)上质押以太坊,随机成为验证者,为网络中的交易排序,从而形成全新的共识形态。

这一转变除了一些正向迭代之外,还意味着传统的挖矿行为将难以为继,而这无疑会对大量的矿工的利益产生巨大的影响。

因此,不出意外,伴随着以太坊合并进度的不断推进,矿工圈子里开始风靡起一股分叉 热潮。国内早期币圈KOL郭宏才(宝二爷)和波场创始人 孙宇晨也开始作为社区领袖活跃,他们打着捍卫矿工利益的大旗,揭开了以太坊硬分叉的篇章。

出师不利

按照计划,在以太坊合并完成的24小时后,继续保持PoW共识机制的分叉网络ETHW(EthereumPow)主网将正式部署,之后ETHW的链ID将进行切换。为了预留充足的时间,ETHW主网将在处理完2048个空块后的指定时间上线。

但这个过程从刚开始似乎就不太顺利,ETHW主网上线期间发生了一个小插曲。

时间来到9月16日,也就是以太坊合并后的第二天,许多用户发现,他们仍无法使用ETHW官方公开的主网信息访问其区块链,并且无法使用加密钱包连接其网络。

随后BCH 公链扩容方案SmartBCH指出,ETHW出现网络连接问题,原因可能是由于其使用了与SmartBCH测试网相同的链ID。虽然这一问题后续得到了修复,但出师不利似乎也为大家增添了一份顾虑。

ETHW主网上线之后,部分以太坊的原始矿工将算力切换到ETHW网络,其全网算力最高达到80.56 TH/s 。

与此同时,作为以太坊的分叉网络,ETHW也向所有ETH持有者1:1发放代币空投。同时,欧易OKX、FTX 、Bitfinex 等交易平台都已上线了ETHW交易对。

按照以往区块链分叉的经验,分叉链代币上线后的价格走势,可以在一定程度上反映出其背后的共识基础。

ETHW以15美元的价格开盘,上线后其价格一度上涨至27.99美元。而在短暂冲高后,ETHW价格开始迅速走低,当天收盘价跌至12.08美元,较最高点下跌56.8%。随后几天,ETHW延续下行走势,9月19日,ETHW最低跌至3.88美元,而后反弹至5.15美元左右,相较上线当天的高点跌去81.6%。

截至目前,ETHW的价格回调至6.42美元,日内波动幅度不大。

而之所以ETHW的价格在短短4天内就迎来大幅下跌,最主要的原因还是获得代币空投的持有者的大量抛售。

数据显示,ETHW主网上线后,该网络处理了超过95.6亿枚ETHW的交易量,根据其价格走势来看,多数用户在领取空投后都选择了卖出。甚至有消息传出,作为社区领袖的郭宏才也大量抛售了手中的ETHW(此信息未经核实,请自行研究)。

ETHW的市场抛售情绪反映出用户对这条分叉网络的前景并不看好。而雪上加霜的是,ETHW除了自身共识基础的不稳固,还在近日里遭遇到了安全性的质疑。

重放攻击风波

据安全机构BlockSec监测,有攻击者在ETHW链上实施重放攻击。重放攻击通常发生在区块链网络分叉后,由于两条链上的地址和私钥是相同的,且交易格式完全相同,因此其中一个链上的交易在另一个链上也是完全合法的。在一条链上发起的交易,如果在另一条链上重放也会被确认。

而ETHW对此也并非毫无准备。分叉准备期间,ETHW团队在代码层面进行了重放保护,要求所有交易必须使用链ID进行签名。但尽管如此,依然有人找到了漏洞。

据分析,攻击者首先通过Gnosis链的Omni跨链桥向ETH网络转移了200 WETH,然后在PoW链上重放了相同的消息,获得了额外的200 ETHW。虽然此次攻击涉及的资产数额并不多,但却让用户对ETHW的技术能力和安全性产生质疑。

随后,ETHW官方发布声明称,本次攻击不是链级别的交易重放,而是由于特定合约的缺陷而导致的调用数据重放。但即便如此,人们对ETHW的顾虑还是难以打消。

回顾ETHW的征程,无论是主网上线期间使用了与SmartBCH测试网相同的Chain ID,还是重放攻击的发生,都让人们对于ETHW留下了不太好的印象。

但实际上,这些可以快速解决的问题都算是较小的技术问题,不过它们所带来的人心溃散则是真正的致命打击。

矿工携算力出逃

ETHW主网上线后,F2Pool、Poolin和BTC .com等多家矿池都宣布支持ETHW挖矿,ETHW社区还合作推出了一个备用矿池——Ethwmine,致力于为ETHW提供长期的矿池服务。

这些为矿工服务的矿池,希望从转移到ETHW的矿工身上继续获得营收。但未曾想到的是,ETHW网络的算力却在短短几天内快速流失。

ETHW主网刚上线之时,部分以太坊的原始矿工将算力切换到ETHW网络,其全网算力最高达到80.56 TH/s 。

但时间来到9月19日,ETHW全网算力便下跌为29.92TH/s,仅仅四天时间ETHW的全网算力就相比主网上线后80.56 TH/s的峰值下跌了62.8%。按照其当前的算力水平,仅占据以太坊主网合并前总算力769 TH/s的3.89%。

相比之下,ETC 、RVN、ERGO等采用相同挖矿算法的网络都出现了大幅的算力增长,尤其是ETC从合并前的50 TH/s一度增长至超过200TH/s。这也意味着ETHW并不是原以太坊矿工们的唯一选择。

其实算力下降的原因并不难理解,我们上文提到,在ETHW上线短短五天的时间里,其币价由于持有者的大量抛售出现了极大幅度的下跌。

而正是由于ETHW价格的不良表现,越来越多的矿工开始因无利可图而携算力出逃。而在ETHW共识基础本就相对薄弱的情况下,矿工群体也因无利可图弃之而去,这条本就命运多舛的分叉链如今就显得更加愁云惨淡。

ETHW该如何面向未来?

对于ETHW未来的发展趋势,我们现在很难保持乐观的态度。众所周知,公链的价值取决于链上生态的建设情况,链上生态越繁荣,链上活动越活跃,往往公链价值越被认可。而目前以太坊生态的核心开发者和主流应用大多不支持ETHW等分叉项目,这直接导致ETHW无法继承原以太坊的主流链上应用。因此,当前ETHW链上生态十分薄弱。

但ETHW却也并非全无依仗,以太坊的PoW转PoS不仅涉及到矿工群体的利益,还倒逼各大矿池不得不做出应对。因此,已经有许多矿池宣布支持ETHW。

除此之外,许多交易所也会更根据市场的情况陆续上线ETHW。这会使ETHW在短期之内得到一定的生态支持

但从长期角度来看,ETHW如果仍不能强化共识基础,其无疑将面临巨大抛压,价格可能将不断探底;而ETHW的价格表现能否保持健康,很大程度上还是取决于公链生态和社区建设。而这无疑是个漫长而艰巨的挑战。

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