数字银行的宿命:再花哨的 App,不如一张银行牌照

Foresight NewsPublicado em 2026-06-17Última atualização em 2026-06-17

Resumo

本文探讨了数字银行(新银行)普遍面临的盈利困境与发展路径。大多数新银行以零手续费、无最低存款的支票账户吸引用户,但仅依靠消费支付产生的小额手续费难以盈利,平均每用户年收入远低于传统银行。文章指出,银行业的利润核心始终是信贷业务(如贷款利息),而非支付服务。缺乏银行牌照的新银行无法大规模放贷,因此陷入持续亏损。 以Nubank、Revolut等为例,成功的新银行最终都依靠信贷业务实现盈利:Nubank大部分收入来自信用卡和个人贷款利息;Revolut通过外汇手续费、订阅服务等积累资金后,逐步扩大信贷规模。Chime则在推出预支薪资和小额贷款业务后首次扭亏为盈。文章强调,流畅的App只是获客手段,持牌放贷才是生存根本。 此外,文章揭示了新银行依赖第三方服务商的风险,如Synapse破产导致用户资金冻结,凸显了自主持牌运营的重要性。近年来,加密金融企业(如Paxos、Circle等)纷纷申请全国信托牌照,以摆脱中间商控制,实现资产托管和支付的自主合规。 最后,文章指出DeFi领域无抵押借贷规模极小,因链上匿名性导致违约追偿困难。现实中的信贷风控仍需传统金融机制支撑,因此银行牌照对于规模化信贷业务至关重要。结论是:无论技术如何革新,银行业的本质仍是信贷获利,幸存的新银行最终都回归了这一传统逻辑。


撰文:Thejaswini M A

编译:Saoirse,Foresight News


一名计划经济规划者走进商店,货架空空如也。他说:「你看,根本没有需求。」这是经济学家之间流传已久、用来调侃苏联的笑话。


如今新银行也陷入了一模一样的死循环。数百家初创公司推出支票账户服务,累计有 14 亿人实际在使用,但想靠这块业务盈利难如登天。76% 的新银行仍处于亏损状态。平均每家新银行每年从单个用户身上仅赚取 45 美元,而传统银行能做到 350 美元。


根源在于企业最初选择打造的产品,这类业务本身几乎不存在利润空间。


想要理解当初从业者的选择,就要先看清他们想要逃离的旧体系弊病。


传统银行不断榨取用户利益,就连取自己工资,在自动柜员机上都要被扣手续费。如果你本身积蓄不多,体验会更加糟糕。当第一批新银行推出零手续费、无最低存款门槛的账户时,用户自然纷纷转向它们。


很快数亿用户涌入平台。如今 Nubank 的服务覆盖巴西 60% 以上的成年人口。本土传统银行向来把普通客户视作麻烦,这也让新银行的爆发式增长成为必然。


但这些新银行自身却难以为继。


你在咖啡店刷借记卡消费时,商家需要支付一笔小额手续费。依据美联储《II 号条例》,一笔 40 美元的消费,手续费上限约 22 美分,这笔费用会由卡组织、银行、支付处理机构三方分成。


新银行分到的利润少得可怜。数百万用户只把新银行账户当成日常消费钱包,房贷、理财全都放在别的机构,微薄的手续费累加起来根本撑不起一门生意。


传统银行的盈利核心从来不是用户的日常消费,交易带来的收益只是九牛一毛。


银行业真正的盈利支柱是信贷,也就是房贷、车贷等贷款产生的利息。支付业务只是银行触达用户的日常入口,放贷才是从用户身上赚取利润的核心手段。这也是绝大多数新银行持续亏损的根源:没有银行牌照,就无法大规模发放贷款、收取利息。早期绝大多数新银行只是依附别家银行牌照搭建的科技平台,在大额放贷业务上处处受法律限制。


Nubank 2013 年在巴西起家,靠一张免费信用卡打开市场。彼时当地大型传统银行贷款利率高得离谱,这给了 Nubank 发展机遇,到 2026 年,它累计拥有 1.31 亿用户。


如今 Nubank 估值 600 亿美元。免费账户只是吸引用户下载 App 的引流工具,真正的利润全部来自放贷业务。


去年公司 158 亿美元的营收中,绝大部分来源于信用卡、个人贷款产生的利息。其中个人贷款业务增速迅猛,已经成为第一大盈利板块。Nubank 能活下来,靠的不是什么颠覆性新技术,而是放贷;体验流畅的 App,只是吸引用户上钩的诱饵。


来源:@sec.gov


Revolut 走出了另一条盈利路径。2025 年公司净利润达 13 亿英镑,营收同比增长 46% 至 45 亿英镑,实现连续五年盈利。利润主要来自外汇手续费、会员订阅、加密资产以及信贷资产组合。信贷规模同比增长 120%,总额达到 29 亿美元。外汇手续费与会员订阅带来的早期收入,给了它充足时间稳步做大放贷业务。


Chime 花了最长时间才悟透这个道理。它早年几乎完全依靠刷卡手续费生存。在美国获客成本极高,刷卡分成利润微薄,收入完全依赖用户持续刷卡消费,一旦用户减少支出,营收直接断崖下跌。


2025 年 Chime 营收突破 20 亿美元,却依旧亏损十亿美元,亏损主要来自上市高额股权支出。公司上市时估值 110 亿美元,短短数月股价大幅下挫。直到 2026 年一季度,它成立 12 年来首次实现盈利,净利润 5300 万美元。转折点正是放贷产品迎来爆发:预支薪资业务营收有望突破 4 亿美元,即时小额贷款业务规模暴涨。


2026 年 6 月,Nubank 一名开发人员在常规系统更新时,不慎误触发清算流程推送通知。大量用户收到推送和邮件,内容声称央行已清算该银行,告知用户如何通过存款保险基金申领资金。联合创始人 Cristina Junqueira 不得不在 Instagram 公开致歉,称这只是一次离奇的操作失误,银行与用户资金均安全无虞。但短短几分钟内,这条错误通知就让用户误以为平台即将倒闭。


平心而论,传统大行也常会出现这类技术乌龙,比如输错数字误转十亿美元。但花旗这类成立于 1812 年的老牌机构根基稳固,即便出故障,用户只会当成普通企业失误;可初创数字银行一旦传出倒闭传闻,用户会立刻集中挤兑。老银行只是技术能力落后,而新兴线上平台还没学会如何像真正的银行一样稳健运营。


2024 年 4 月,中间服务商 Synapse 宣告破产。


新银行本质只是软件服务商,想要提供支票账户,就必须在背后串联一整条合作产业链。Synapse 就是中间商,连接上百家新银行与实际托管资金的传统银行,负责账目管理、合规审查、资产确权登记。


Synapse 倒闭后,所有业务记录一并丢失,约 2.65 亿美元用户资金被冻结。合作银行无法区分每笔资金对应的归属用户,事后核查发现有 9500 万美元资金下落不明,整个体系完全缺乏问责机制。Yotta、Juno 等多款热门数字银行 App 用户连续数月无法正常操作账户,部分人甚至没法偿还房贷。


如果一款银行 App,资金托管、中间清算环节全都依赖不受自身掌控的第三方,那这套体系本质就是空中楼阁,天生注定会崩塌。


说到底,能抵御这类系统性风险的唯一保障,就是银行牌照。可早前所有新银行都声称自己根本不需要牌照。


去年十月我曾撰文表示,加密赛道的数字银行具备真实发展潜力。当时监管框架逐渐清晰,大量用户持有链上资产,希望能直接用于日常支付。这个观点至今成立,但我严重低估了一件事:依托合作银行搭建的底层基础设施,会连带承接合作方所有潜在风险。


加密行业的应对方式,是不再伪装、直面现实。2025 年 12 月至 2026 年 5 月,美国货币监理署(OCC)有条件批准了约十张面向加密与金融科技企业的全国信托牌照,数量超过过去十年总和。Paxos、BitGo、Fidelity Digital Assets、Ripple、Circle、Stripe 斥资 11 亿美元收购的 Bridge、Crypto.com 全都递交了同类牌照申请 —— 正是当年新银行们嗤之以鼻、觉得没必要的资质。


全国信托牌照是摆脱中间商陷阱的终极出路。持有牌照意味着获得联邦政府直接背书,企业可自主托管用户资产、处理支付清算,依据一套统一法规在美国五十个州开展业务。不用再看传统合作银行脸色求生存,也不会把整个企业的命脉押在 Synapse 这类隐形中间服务商身上。



加密企业终于明白:想要流转数十亿美元资产,又不想被传统银行底层体系处处掣肘,就必须拿到联邦监管体系的正规准入资质。


Kraken 母公司 Payward 如今在美国拥有三层监管资质:怀俄明州金融牌照、2026 年 3 月获批的美联储主账户,以及 2026 年 5 月递交的 OCC 全国信托牌照申请。SoFi 则在 2022 年收购 Golden Pacific Bancorp 拿下 OCC 牌照。2025 年 12 月,SoFi 推出锚定美元的稳定币,也是首款由美国全国性银行发行、搭建在无许可公链上的稳定币。到 2026 年 5 月,平台 1470 万用户可在 App 内持有、消费、兑换该稳定币,万事达卡成为其清算合作方。Coinbase 依托 Base 公链,通过 Morpho 协议开展比特币质押借贷业务,2026 年初抵押比特币规模超 14 亿美元。


SoFi 的发展路径极具代表性:助学贷款服务商→数字新银行→持牌正规银行→稳定币发行方,完整走完了行业进化全流程。


目前行业尚存一大短板:无抵押借贷。CeFi 与 DeFi 的抵押借贷总规模达 674.2 亿美元。



但整个去中心化赛道真正落地的无抵押借贷规模仅 2400 万美元。曾经布局无抵押借贷赛道的协议(Goldfinch、早期 Maple、TrueFi)要么全面转向足额抵押模式,要么逐步关停。如今 DeFi 最大借贷协议 Maple,抵押率高达 160%。


区块链地址具备匿名属性,无抵押借贷缺少可行的违约追偿机制。现实世界中,用户贷款违约,银行可以上报征信、提起诉讼;去中心化领域不存在征信机构、资产催收渠道,借款人一旦借无抵押资产跑路,只需舍弃钱包地址,资金便彻底无法追回。部分 DeFi 协议曾尝试依靠链上声誉数据管控风险,结果依旧出现大规模坏账,从业者终于认清:缺少现实世界法律约束,匿名用户几乎没有主动还款的动力。


Nubank 面向 1.31 亿用户发放贷款,其中大量用户无传统征信记录,平台依靠用户交易行为完成风控授信。这类业务具备真实商业价值,但运营成本极高、落地难度大。如果想要在区块链上规模化复刻同类信贷产品,企业几乎必然需要取得银行牌照。预计未来向 OCC 递交牌照申请的企业会越来越多。


去年十月我写道,加密数字银行正在重现百年前银行业的发展规律。技术永远在迭代,但人类使用、管理资金的底层逻辑恒久不变。当初我写下这句话时,觉得其中自有规律之美,如今再看,却呈现出另一重现实图景。


银行业的本质永远是靠放贷收取利息盈利。幸存下来的新银行当初承诺要打破这套模式,可真正活下来的玩家,最终还是走上了放贷这条路 —— 只是利率更友好、产品界面更流畅,底层商业逻辑却毫无变化。


归根结底一句话:世事万变,本质如一。

Perguntas relacionadas

Q文章指出大多数新银行(数字银行)难以盈利的根本原因是什么?

A根本原因在于大多数新银行没有银行牌照,无法大规模开展信贷业务(如发放贷款、收取利息),而银行业的核心盈利模式正是信贷产生的利息收入。它们早期主要依赖支付手续费等微薄收入,难以支撑业务。

Q文章中提到哪些数字银行通过发展信贷业务实现了盈利或转型?

A文中提到的例子包括:1. 巴西的Nubank,其大部分营收来自信用卡和个人贷款利息。2. 英国的Revolut,其利润增长部分源于信贷资产组合的扩张。3. 美国的Chime,在推出预支薪资和即时小额贷款业务后,首次实现季度盈利。

QSynapse破产事件暴露了依赖第三方服务商的新银行模式存在什么根本性风险?

ASynapse破产事件暴露了该模式的根本性风险在于:新银行作为软件服务商,将资金托管、账目管理和清算等核心环节外包给不受自身控制的第三方中间商。一旦中间商倒闭或出现运营问题(如记录丢失、资金混乱),会导致用户资金被冻结甚至丢失,整个服务体系脆弱且缺乏问责机制,如同空中楼阁。

Q文章认为,加密行业中的企业为了稳健发展,正在采取什么关键策略?

A加密行业的企业正在积极申请或获取银行牌照(特别是美国货币监理署OCC颁发的全国信托牌照),以摆脱对传统合作银行或中间服务商的依赖。获得牌照意味着获得联邦政府背书,可以自主托管用户资产、处理支付清算,并在一套统一法规下全国运营,从而掌控自身命脉,降低系统性风险。

Q根据文章,目前在去中心化金融(DeFi)领域,无抵押借贷业务发展面临的主要挑战是什么?

ADeFi领域无抵押借贷面临的主要挑战是:区块链地址的匿名性导致缺乏有效的违约追偿机制。现实世界中有征信系统和法律诉讼可以约束借款人,但在DeFi中,借款人违约后只需舍弃钱包地址即可逃避债务,链上声誉等风控手段在实践中仍导致了大面积坏账,使得规模化无抵押借贷难以落地。

Leituras Relacionadas

After Three Consecutive Quarters of Decline, Can the Crypto Market Find a Window for Stabilization in Q3?

The cryptocurrency market has just concluded its worst-performing quarter since 2022, with total capitalization dropping 12.6% to $2.1 trillion. All core metrics indicate capital is leaving the sector, not just rotating within it. Bitcoin fell 14.2% and Ethereum dropped 25.4% in Q2, breaking their previous correlation with US tech stocks. A key driver is the reversal in US spot Bitcoin ETF flows, which saw a net outflow of approximately $4.67 billion in Q2, including a record monthly outflow near $4.5 billion in June. While recent data suggests long-term holders are accumulating again, sustained ETF outflows mean continued selling pressure. Market focus is now singularly on the Federal Reserve. The upcoming July FOMC meeting is seen as the most critical event for Q3. A dovish signal could support Bitcoin reclaiming a $68,000-$84,000 range, while a hawkish stance might establish a new trading band around $50,000-$56,000. Additionally, regulatory uncertainty persists, with the progress of the crucial *CLARITY Act* stalling in the Senate, reducing its perceived 2026 passage probability to 40-45%. Despite the broad downturn, a few sectors showed growth. Prediction markets saw nominal volume surge 48.7% year-over-year to $113.8 billion, and tokenized collectibles transaction volume rose 143% quarterly to $1.4 billion. The Real-World Asset (RWA) tokenization sector also continued steady growth, now representing ~$28.1 billion in on-chain value. The market's foundation for an extreme crash appears limited, with Bitcoin price hovering near its 200-week moving average. However, the trading paradigm has shifted from narrative-driven speculation to decisions based on price action, policy developments, and interest rate expectations, making a broad sentiment-driven rally unlikely in the near term.

marsbitHá 19h

After Three Consecutive Quarters of Decline, Can the Crypto Market Find a Window for Stabilization in Q3?

marsbitHá 19h

BIT Trading Moment: BTC Still Suppressed by Weekly 200 EMA, Rejection May Restart Decline; Storage and Semiconductors that Surged Last Night Begin Falling in Evening Trading

**Crypto & Stock Market Wrap: Bitcoin Tests Resistance, Stocks Retreat After AI Surge** Bitcoin consolidates around $66,000, facing key resistance near $68,000—an area seen as a major psychological and technical hurdle where previous rallies have failed. Analysts note the cryptocurrency is caught between its 200-week moving average (~$63,333) and 200-week EMA (~$68,328). A clear break above $68k is needed to signal a stronger bullish trend, while a rejection could lead to a retest of $63k support. Market sentiment remains cautious, with low futures open interest pointing to a low-liquidity rebound rather than a full bull market. Bitcoin spot ETFs saw another $203 million inflow. US stock futures pointed lower after a strong Tuesday session led by a massive rebound in semiconductors and memory stocks. The rally was fueled by renewed optimism about AI-driven hardware demand, with Micron, SanDisk, and SK Hynix surging. However, those gains reversed in pre-market trading. Super Micro Computer (SMCI) soared over 20% after hours on strong guidance and a record backlog. Other standouts included Rocket Lab and nuclear energy plays Oklo and X-Energy. Rising oil prices (Brent above $91) and climbing Treasury yields (10-year near 4.64%), however, are reigniting inflation concerns and acting as a headwind for equities. In Asia, markets were mixed. South Korea's KOSPI pared early gains to close slightly higher as semiconductor stocks like SK Hynix gave back initial surges. Japan's Nikkei edged lower as the yen hit a fresh 38-year low against the dollar, raising fears of potential market intervention. Key events to watch include the Samsung Galaxy launch, AMD's AI event, and a slew of major tech earnings from Alphabet, Tesla, and IBM after the close on Wednesday, followed by the ECB meeting and Intel's earnings on Thursday.

marsbitHá 19h

BIT Trading Moment: BTC Still Suppressed by Weekly 200 EMA, Rejection May Restart Decline; Storage and Semiconductors that Surged Last Night Begin Falling in Evening Trading

marsbitHá 19h

Former CFTC Chairman, Circle President Tarbert: Preaching Long-Termism While Cashing Out $30 Million Himself

Former CFTC Chairman and Circle President Heath Tarbert has consistently advocated for a long-term vision in public, urging patience from investors as Circle’s stock price has fallen significantly from its peak. However, it has been revealed that since Circle’s IPO, Tarbert has continuously sold his CRCL shares through pre-arranged trading plans, cashing out approximately $30 million, without making any public market purchases. This contrast between his public messaging and personal actions has drawn criticism. Tarbert joined Circle in July 2023 as Chief Legal Officer, leveraging his regulatory experience to help guide the company through its IPO and expansion. Despite promoting stablecoins as long-term infrastructure, he established a 10b5-1 trading plan just before Circle went public, leading to substantial stock sales over the following year. In March 2026, he initiated another plan to sell more shares. His career trajectory highlights a pattern of moving between high-level regulatory roles and influential positions in the financial sector. After resigning as CFTC Chairman in early 2021, he joined Citadel Securities as Chief Legal Officer just 27 days later, during a period of intense regulatory scrutiny for the firm. He later joined Circle, aiding its efforts to navigate regulatory challenges for its public listing. While Tarbert's expertise in policy and compliance is valuable to companies like Circle, his actions—advocating long-term confidence while personally divesting—raise questions about the alignment between his public statements and his private financial decisions, leaving investors who followed his advice to bear the market risks.

marsbitHá 20h

Former CFTC Chairman, Circle President Tarbert: Preaching Long-Termism While Cashing Out $30 Million Himself

marsbitHá 20h

Gate Research Institute: The 'Wall Street-ization' Wave of Crypto Financial Products – Competition or Integration?

The article titled "Gate Research Institute: Are Crypto Financial Products Sparking a 'Wall Street' Wave—Competition or Convergence?" explores the evolving relationship between the crypto ecosystem and traditional finance (TradFi). The piece begins by reflecting on Bitcoin's original 2009 vision of decentralization, disintermediation, and moving away from banks. It then contrasts this with the 2024 landscape, where key crypto assets like Bitcoin are increasingly held through Wall Street products like ETFs issued by giants like BlackRock. The article questions whether this signifies that TradFi is systematically taking over the rights to issue, price, custody, and distribute crypto financial assets. The core argument is that this is not a zero-sum takeover but rather a bidirectional convergence where each side addresses the other's weaknesses. Crypto offers 24/7 global markets, programmable settlement, and open access but lacks compliant channels, institutional-grade custody, deep fiat liquidity, and mainstream distribution. TradFi possesses these but is constrained by legacy systems, limited operating hours, and slow settlement. Two primary convergence paths are highlighted: * **Path A (CEX to TradFi):** Exemplified by Gate, which has progressed from offering tokenized stocks and CFDs to providing direct, real stock trading (US, Hong Kong, South Korea) within its platform, using USDT. * **Path B (TradFi to Crypto):** Exemplified by Robinhood, which has integrated crypto trading, acquired exchanges like Bitstamp, and is moving traditional assets like stocks onto the blockchain via tokenization and its own Layer 2. Both paths are ultimately competing to become the next-generation, unified financial account—a "super account" where users can seamlessly trade cryptocurrencies, stocks, ETFs, RWA (Real World Assets), and tokenized treasury products in one interface. The growth of RWA and tokenized treasuries (e.g., BlackRock's BUIDL) is presented as the asset-layer fusion, providing stable, yield-bearing assets on-chain and acting as a bridge between the two worlds. In conclusion, the "Wall Street-ization" of crypto is framed as a mutual transformation. Decentralized ideals persist in the protocol layer, while at the application layer, a more efficient, global, and accessible unified capital market is emerging from this convergence. The future competition lies not between crypto exchanges and stockbrokers, but between platforms vying to offer the most comprehensive asset coverage, liquidity, and user experience within a single account.

marsbitHá 20h

Gate Research Institute: The 'Wall Street-ization' Wave of Crypto Financial Products – Competition or Integration?

marsbitHá 20h

Trading

Spot
活动图片