30年美债收益率再破5%,「一切都廉价」的时代落幕了

marsbitPublicado em 2026-06-01Última atualização em 2026-07-24

Resumo

30年期美国国债收益率近期再度突破5%,市场反应显示投资者正逐渐接受高利率将长期持续的现实。这一变化源于支撑美国过去50年低通胀、低利率的三大支柱——廉价资本、廉价劳动力和廉价能源——正在同步瓦解。 廉价资本时代因全球化逆转、供应链回流及石油美元体系受侵蚀而结束;廉价劳动力因劳动力短缺、罢工潮及部分工会增长推高工资,但被企业医保成本上升和人工智能冲击部分抵消;廉价能源则因中东紧张局势及美国退出气候承诺面临挑战。此外,政府债务攀升、地缘政治摩擦和民粹主义等“慢变量”也推高了长期利率。 人工智能(AI)成为未来通胀走势的最大变数:乐观情景下,AI提升生产力、降低债务和通胀;悲观情景下,AI加剧企业裁员、推高资源成本,并可能增加政府债务。目前AI巨头已对房地产、芯片、水电等资源价格产生上行压力。 文章指出,多数投资者的经验和模型均基于低利率环境,面临“预期惯性”的挑战。市场需调整旧有预期,适应高利率持续的新阶段。

30 年期美债收益率再度突破 5%,这一次市场的反应与 2023 年明显不同——投资者开始真正接受高利率将长期持续的现实。

分析指出,这背后是一个更深层的结构性转变:支撑美国过去 50 年低通胀、低利率的三大支柱——廉价资本、廉价劳动力、廉价能源——正在同步瓦解。而 AI 的走向,将是决定未来通胀走势的最大未知数。

30 年期美国国债收益率近期再度突破 5%。英国《金融时报》专栏作家 Rana Foroohar 撰文指出,与 2023 年那次短暂破 5% 后迅速回落不同,这一次,市场的反应明显不同——投资者似乎终于开始真正接受一个现实:美国正在告别低利率时代,进入一个通胀压力更持久、更多元的新阶段。

文章援引阿波罗首席经济学家 Torsten Sløk 近期发给客户的报告称,「投资者应当为短期、中期和长期持续高利率环境做好仓位准备。」

这背后,是一个更大的结构性故事:过去 50 年驱动美国经济增长的三大廉价要素——廉价资本、廉价劳动力、廉价能源——正在同步发生逆转。

半个世纪的「廉价红利」,是怎么来的?

30 年期美债收益率从 1980 年代初的十几个百分点,一路跌至疫情期间的约 1%,这段将近半个世纪的下行趋势,并非偶然。

它背后有一套完整的宏观逻辑支撑:

廉价资本:数十年的全球化和制造业技术进步压低了商品价格;石油出口国将大量石油美元回流美国,提供了充裕的廉价资金;养老金私有化改革催生了对各类金融产品的庞大需求;全球投资者争相购买美债,因为没有哪个国家比美国更安全。

廉价劳动力:产业外包、工会式微、自动化浪潮,以及「股东至上」的企业文化(重金融工程、轻员工投入),共同压低了工资,尤其是非大学学历工人的薪酬,持续支撑了企业利润率。

廉价能源:石油美元体系在一定程度上抑制了通胀,全球能源贸易以美元结算,也强化了美元的全球地位。

这三根支柱,共同撑起了美国半个世纪的低通胀、低利率繁荣。

三大支柱,正在同步松动

Rana Foroohar 在文章中指出,上述每一个支撑因素,如今都在发生变化。

资本端:每一次美债拍卖,国际买家都在减少而非增加。去全球化和供应链回流,短期内将推高商品和服务价格。与此同时,石油美元体系的根基正在被侵蚀。

能源端:中东局势持续紧张,对亚洲能源进口国冲击最直接。但从更长远来看,这反而可能加速亚洲大国在清洁能源领域的布局——而美国正在退出气候承诺。这意味着,长期资本流向可能从美国转向亚洲大国。

劳动力端:近年来,劳动力短缺、大规模罢工(包括汽车制造业的成功维权)、移民限制收紧,以及部分领域(尤其是白领行业)工会成员增长,都推动了工资上涨。但这一趋势被两个因素部分抵消:一是企业医疗保险成本上升,企业倾向于以压低工资来对冲;二是人工智能的冲击。

还有一个慢变量:债务、地缘政治与民粹主义

除了上述显性因素,还有几个「慢变量」:不断攀升的政府债务、地缘政治摩擦加剧,以及民粹主义的蔓延。

这些风险的共同效果是:贷款人要求更高的风险溢价,才愿意把钱借出去——尤其是借出去好几年的那种。

这直接推高了长端利率,也就是 30 年期美债收益率。

AI:救世主还是新的通胀源?

在所有变量中,人工智能的走向最难判断,但影响可能最深远。

Rana Foroohar 提出了两种截然不同的情景:

乐观情景:AI 的生产力效益广泛扩散至各行各业和个人,创造新的就业和收入来源。耶鲁大学预算实验室的模型显示,在这一情景下,美国国家债务将大幅下降,通胀也随之回落。

悲观情景:AI 只是企业裁员、压缩成本、扩大利润的工具,而 AI 基础设施建设本身(大量消耗芯片、土地、水和电力)反而制造了新的通胀压力,净效果是推高而非压低成本。政府还将被迫出手救助被替代的工人,债务反而上升。

目前,AI 巨头们正在大量吞噬房地产、芯片、水资源和电力,已经在推高这些资源在整体经济中的价格。最终结果如何,还需要数年时间才能看清。

投资者面临的真正挑战

文章的结论直接而清醒:大多数市场参与者,职业生涯的全部时间都是在「廉价时代」度过的。他们的直觉、模型和预期,都是在低利率环境下校准的。

而现在,这个环境正在改变。

「预期惯性」是一股强大的力量——2023 年 30 年期美债收益率破 5% 后,很多人以为只是短暂异常,很快就会回落。但这一次,市场的反应已经不同了。

调整,意味着放弃旧的预期。对于习惯了低利率的投资者来说,这不是一件容易的事。

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Perguntas relacionadas

Q为什么文章说30年期美债收益率再次突破5%标志着市场的反应与2023年不同?

A因为这一次投资者开始真正接受高利率将长期持续的现实,而不是像2023年那样普遍认为这只是短暂异常。这反映了市场心态从‘暂时性高利率’到‘结构性高利率’预期的转变。

Q支撑美国过去50年低通胀、低利率的三大‘廉价支柱’是什么?

A分别是:1. 廉价资本,源自全球化、制造业技术进步、石油美元回流及全球对美债的强劲需求;2. 廉价劳动力,由产业外包、工会式微、自动化和‘股东至上’文化共同压低工资促成;3. 廉价能源,与石油美元体系及全球能源以美元结算相关。

Q根据文章,哪些‘慢变量’因素在推高长期利率?

A主要‘慢变量’包括:不断攀升的政府债务、加剧的地缘政治摩擦以及民粹主义的蔓延。这些因素增加了长期借贷的风险,导致贷款人要求更高的风险溢价,从而推高了像30年期美债这样的长端利率。

Q关于人工智能(AI)对通胀的影响,文章提到了哪两种可能的情景?

A文章提出了两种截然相反的情景:1. 乐观情景:AI带来的生产力提升广泛惠及经济各领域和个人,创造新就业和收入,从而有助于降低通胀和政府债务。2. 悲观情景:AI主要被企业用于裁员和压缩成本以扩大利润,同时其基础设施(消耗芯片、土地、水、电)建设本身制造了新的通胀压力,政府还需救助被替代的工人,最终可能推高整体成本和债务。

Q文章认为,当前投资者面临的核心挑战是什么?

A核心挑战是‘预期惯性’。绝大多数市场参与者的整个职业生涯都处于低利率的‘廉价时代’,他们的直觉、模型和投资策略都是基于这个环境建立的。现在需要他们放弃旧的预期,去适应一个通胀压力更持久、利率水平更高的新环境,这是非常困难的调整。

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