全球资产暴跌:霍尔木兹、芯片,和一个韩国假期

marsbitPublicado em 2026-03-04Última atualização em 2026-03-04

Resumo

2026年2月28日,美以联军对伊朗发动大规模空袭,导致伊朗最高领袖哈梅内伊身亡,引发全球市场剧烈震荡。黄金、白银、比特币等所谓“避险资产”并未如预期上涨,反而出现大幅下跌。黄金一度冲高后回落超4%,白银单日暴跌8%,比特币先跌后震荡。美元指数则上涨1.1%,成为资金避险的唯一赢家。 韩国股市因假期休市后于周二开盘即熔断,KOSPI指数单日暴跌7.24%,市值蒸发约2570亿美元。市场暴跌主要由于散户杠杆过高、融资余额膨胀,以及地缘政治冲击触发流动性危机。三星、SK海力士等芯片巨头股价大跌,进一步暴露韩国作为全球AI芯片供应链关键节点的结构性脆弱性。 文章指出,尽管“去美元化”和“debasement trade”(抗货币贬值交易)是近年主流叙事,但在急性地缘危机中,美元仍是全球流动性最深、最可靠的避险资产。伊朗民众在危机中大量通过加密货币兑换美元稳定币,进一步验证了这一现实。长期来看,美元的结构性问题依然存在,但短期危机中,其流动性优势无可替代。

2 月 28 日,美以联军对伊朗发动"史诗烈怒"行动,空袭超过 2000 个目标,最高领袖哈梅内伊在袭击中身亡。

这是过去几十年里中东地区发生的最大地缘政治事件。

全球资本等了整整一个周末,等着验证一个问题:那些押了两年的叙事,是不是真的。黄金是乱世硬资产吗?比特币是数字黄金吗?debasement trade 是真命题还是叙事泡沫?

结果出来了。

黄金先涨到 5400 美元,然后和股票一起跌超 4%。白银单日暴跌 8%。比特币先跌后震荡,最终回到原地。美元指数涨了 1.1%。

叙事压力测试

过去两年,加密和宏观圈流行一套几乎无懈可击的叙事:美国债务失控、美元长期贬值、黄金和 BTC 是对冲货币稀释的硬资产,两者合称"debasement trade"。2025 年,这套叙事的数据支撑看起来无比坚实——黄金全年涨超 50%,BTC 最高触及 12.6 万美元,美元指数跌了将近 11%,创下 50 年来最差上半年表现。Citadel 的 Ken Griffin 在公开场合反复提这个词,BlackRock 的 BTC ETF 资产管理规模逼近千亿美元。

这套叙事最核心的隐含假设是:当真正的危机到来,人们会离开美元,奔向硬资产。

上周末,这个假设第一次迎来了真实烈度的压力测试。

周一开盘,黄金确实先涨了——伦敦金盘中最高摸到 5418 美元,几乎追平 1 月底的历史高点。但随后,随着油价持续飙升、通胀预期重燃、市场开始重新定价美联储降息路径,一切反转。黄金当天收跌,周二进一步下砸超 4%,回到 2 月 20 日以来的低点。

白银更惨。周一冲破 96 美元,周二单日跌幅一度逼近 8%。

原因并不复杂。油价暴涨意味着通胀预期上升,通胀预期上升意味着美联储降息空间收窄,降息预期收窄意味着美元走强,美元走强是黄金和白银的直接对手盘。加上全场风险资产同步抛售触发的强制平仓,黄金和白银在"最应该涨的时候"成了流动性最好、最容易砸的仓位。

这不是第一次了。2022 年俄乌战争开打,BTC 没有避险,跟着纳斯达克一路跌;黄金初期上涨,随后被获利盘砸下来——同样的剧本,更大的烈度。

BTC 的处境更尴尬。战争打响那个周末,crypto 市场是唯一还在交易的市场。BTC 从 6.6 万美元附近先跌破 6.4 万,随后快速反弹,在周一传统市场开盘前已经基本填坑。表面上看,这是"韧性"。但真相是:机构资金还没进场,靠的是散户和套利盘在震荡中寻找方向。周二随着全场继续下跌,BTC 再度承压,在 6.8 万美元附近横盘,既没有展现"数字黄金"该有的上涨,也没有"风险资产"该有的大幅下跌——它只是......在那里晃。

霍尔木兹,芯片,和一个韩国假期

首尔的踩踏来得格外猛烈,有一个结构性原因:周一是三一节,韩国全国放假,交易所没开门。

恐慌在周末积累,找不到出口。周二早上 9 点钟,三天假期里所有没能执行的抛售,在同一秒砸了下来。KOSPI 开盘直接触发熔断预警,最终收跌 7.24%,单日蒸发约 3770 亿韩元市值,折合约 2570 亿美元。

这是 2024 年 8 月日元 carry trade 危机以来最大的单日跌幅。那一次,KOSPI 单日暴跌 8.77%,触发机制是美国非农数据崩了+日本央行意外加息,属于金融杠杆层面的系统性解绑。这一次,直接导火索是地缘政治——但背后同样有一根绷紧的弦,只是材质不同。

过去一年半,韩国散户经历了一轮史诗级 FOMO。KOSPI 从 2024 年底的 2400 点,一路涨到今年 2 月底突破 6000 点,14 个月涨幅接近 150%。有券商把目标价调到了 7000、甚至 8000。开户数量在今年 1 月突破了 1 亿——一个 5000 万人口的国家,有 1 亿个股票账户。韩国政府甚至把"KOSPI 5000"写进了施政纲领,作为一项国家政策目标。

与此同时,融资余额也在同步膨胀。截至事发前,韩国场内融资贷款余额超过 32 万亿韩元,约合 224 亿美元,是 2021 年以来的最高水平。股票质押贷款余额另有 26 万亿韩元,两者合计接近 370 亿美元。市场恐慌指数 VKOSPI 早在 2 月底就已经飙到 54,是"正常"水平的两倍以上——整个市场在创出新高的同时,fear gauge 已经进入了极端恐惧区间。

这种结构,遇到急性冲击,就会发生教科书式的流动性挤压。

股价下跌触发保证金警告,券商启动强制平仓,平仓进一步压低股价,压低的股价触发更多保证金警告——一个自我强化的反馈循环。外资在这一天净卖出超过 5.17 万亿韩元,约合 35 亿美元,是今年最大单日净卖出。散户则做了相反的事:在踩踏中抄底,继续加仓杠杆 ETF,押注反弹。

亚洲其他市场同步受压。日经 225 当天跌 3%,其中丰田跌 5.5%、索尼跌 4.3%。香港恒生跌 2.1%,在亚太区领跌。泰国证交所宣布对大部分证券暂停卖空。整个亚太 MSCI 指数下跌约 2%。

但最核心的结构性脆弱,还是在首尔。

这场跌的不只是股票。跌的是 KOSPI 这个被反复叙事为"AI 超级周期最佳代理标的"的市场。三星电子跌近 10%,跌破 20 万韩元的关键心理支撑位。SK Hynix 跌 11.5%。这两家公司合计贡献了 KOSPI 约 40% 的市值,也是全球 AI 芯片供应链最关键的两个节点——三星是全球最大 DRAM 和 NAND 闪存制造商,SK Hynix 是 HBM 高带宽内存的核心供应商,英伟达 AI GPU 里用的内存,大部分从这里出来。

这些工厂都在韩国。韩国每天要进口 276 万桶石油,大部分来自波斯湾,走霍尔木兹海峡。

伊朗宣布过关闭霍尔木兹,又撤回了这个声明。但保险公司已经单方面投票:战争险暂停承保,船运公司停止调度。一个没有正式宣布的封锁,正在实际运转。

就在市场踩踏的同时,另一个消息悄悄浮出水面:三星位于德克萨斯州泰勒市的美国晶圆厂,量产时间表再度推迟,从 2026 年延到了 2027 年。这家被视为美国"芯片回流"战略核心资产的工厂,建在德克萨斯的沙漠里——但它需要的油,还是从波斯湾过来的。

美元赢了,所有人都输了

现在来说那个最让人不舒服的结论。

整个周期里,"去美元化"是最主流的宏观叙事之一。美元的全球储备货币份额已经跌破 47%,各国央行用创纪录的速度增持黄金,BRICS 搭建 mBridge 跨境结算平台,链上稳定币规模从 2050 亿美元扩张到 3000 亿美元以上。圈内几乎所有人都在以某种方式押注:美元的黄金时代结束了,下一个时代属于多极化、硬资产、去中心化。

然后战争打响,美元指数涨了 1.1%,创下去年 5 月以来最大单日涨幅。

这一天,全场同步抛售:股票跌、债券跌、黄金跌、白银跌、大宗商品跌。流向只有一个方向:美元。

这就是流动性挤压的本质。不是因为美元变好了,是因为美元是全球金融体系里流动性最深的资产。急性危机里,当所有人同时需要出门,美元是最宽的那扇门。杠杆平仓需要美元,保证金补充需要美元,跨境资产出逃的第一步也是美元。没有别的选项有这个体量。

伊朗给了这套逻辑一个最清晰的注脚。

伊朗里亚尔从年初至今已贬值超 30%。Nobitex 是伊朗最大的加密交易所,处理着伊朗超过 87% 的链上加密活动。空袭开始后数分钟内,Nobitex 的提币量飙升 700%(Elliptic 数据)。Chainalysis 追踪了资金去向:大量流出资金,最终落地于历史上接受伊朗流入的境外交易所,继续兑换成 USDT 和 USDC。

在真正的货币危机现场,人们用加密网络做的事,是逃进美元。

这不是说 debasement trade 是假命题。美国的债务问题、通胀问题、美元购买力的长期侵蚀,这些结构性压力是真实存在的。黄金长期跑赢的逻辑,没有被这一次压力测试推翻。

但这次告诉了我们一件事:debasement trade 是一个慢变量的叙事,它需要时间的刻度才能成立。而地缘政治冲击是急变量,它只有一个刻度——今天。

两套时间框架放在同一个时刻,慢变量让位。

美元赢了。下一次危机,大概率还是美元赢。直到某一天,它不赢了——但那一天,大概率不是今天这种戏剧性的开场。

Perguntas relacionadas

Q文章中提到,全球资产在2月28日事件后普遍下跌,但哪种资产反而上涨了?

A美元指数上涨了1.1%,创下去年5月以来最大单日涨幅。

Q为什么韩国股市(KOSPI)在事件后遭遇了特别猛烈的下跌?

A因为周一是韩国的三一节假期,交易所休市,导致恐慌情绪在周末积累,无法通过交易释放。周二开盘后,所有积压的抛售压力同时爆发,触发了流动性挤压和熔断机制。

Q文章指出,在真正的危机中,人们使用加密网络主要做了什么?

A人们使用加密网络(如伊朗的Nobitex交易所)大量提币,并将资金兑换成美元稳定币(如USDT和USDC),实质上是逃向美元寻求避险。

Q为什么黄金和白银在事件发生后先涨后跌?

A初期因避险情绪上涨,但随后因油价飙升推高通胀预期,市场重新定价美联储降息路径,导致美元走强。美元走强是黄金和白银的直接对手盘,加上风险资产全面抛售引发的强制平仓,导致其价格下跌。

Q文章认为‘debasement trade’(抗货币贬值交易)的叙事为什么在这次压力测试中未能成立?

A因为‘debasement trade’是一个基于长期慢变量(如债务问题、美元购买力侵蚀)的叙事,需要时间验证。而地缘政治冲击是急变量,在急性危机中,流动性最深的美元成为首选避险资产,导致硬资产叙事让位。

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