为什么永续合约 DEX 在2025 年格外重要?

Foresight NewsPublicado em 2025-09-19Última atualização em 2025-09-19

Resumo

永续合约 DEX 不仅局限于交易场景,它正在拓宽区块链的应用范畴,为 Web3 的 mass adoption 铺路。

永续合约是DEFI领域中一种重要的衍生品工具,因为其没有固定的到期日,逐渐成为交易者的首选。本文将深入分析永续合约的基本机制、去中心化永续合约平台的运作模式、以及流动性提供者。

衍生品 DEX 的市场潜力

根据CoinMarketCap的数据,目前市场上约有480家现货去中心化交易所,这一数量是现货中心化交易所(253家)的两倍。而衍生品去中心化交易所仅有18家,远少于衍生品中心化交易所(101家)。值得注意的是,在CEX市场中,衍生品的交易量已超过现货交易量的七倍,但在DEX市场中,衍生品交易量与现货交易量几乎持平。

去中心化金融(DeFi)正在彻底改写人们在加密世界中交易、投资与获利的方式,而这场变革的核心,正是去中心化交易所(DEX)。 DEX 让用户能够不经任何中介,直接进行点对点的资产交换。随着2025 年的到来,DEX 在全球加密资产的流动性、安全性与创新方面扮演着愈发关键的角色。

衍生品 DEX 的需求

尽管CEX的现货规模较大,但是相关衍生品的交易者不一定倾向于使用CEX。其中一个最主要的原因就是用户在使用CEX中的期货合约交易时经常会出现“插针”现象,这通常是由于CEX操作和数据的不透明所导致。这种价格的短期内剧烈波动对杠杆较高的用户影响尤其严重。因此,市场对于去中心化的衍生品交易所的需求呈现持续增长的趋势。

DEX永续合约的基本概念

期货合约这一概念最早由罗伯特·席勒在1992年提出,期货合约是一种协议,规定在未来特定日期以预定价格买入或卖出特定商品、资产或证券。与期权不同,期货合约具有约束力,交易双方必须履行合约规定的义务。

永续合约是一种特殊形式的期货合约,其最大的特点是没有固定的到期日,因此被称为永续。永续合约的价格与标的资产的价格变动紧密相关。当标的资产的价格每变动1美元,合约的价格也随之相应调整。永续合约允许交易者在没有时间限制的情况下对资产价格进行预判,交易者可以根据市场情况灵活调整多头或空头头寸的持有时间。

在大多数永续合约协议中,清算机制是一个至关重要的组成部分。为提高市场效率并平衡多空头寸,通常会引入资金费率,以为持有少量方向的头寸参与者提供补偿,促进市场持仓量的平衡。

DEX永续合约的模式

当前主流的永续合约协议根据其实现原理可分为两大类:订单簿模式(Order Book)和资金池模式(Liquidity Pool)。资金池模式又进一步细分为单一资产流动性提供者、组合资产流动性提供者、合成资产以及虚拟自动做市商(vAMM)四种类型。

订单簿模式

在订单簿模式中,协议通过做市商提供流动性,用户与做市商互为交易对手,平台负责撮合买卖订单,价格由市场供需关系决定。大多数中心化交易所使用的这种模式,流动性较为充足,但也具有一定的中心化弊端。

其主要特点如下:

定价:市场通过订单簿内的买卖指令,自由决定资产价格,不受中心化机构干预。

透明性:所有买卖订单公开展示,交易者可以清楚了解市场的供需状况和价格水平。

较高的交易成本:在流动性不足的市场中,可能出现较大的买卖差价,交易者可能需等待较长时间才能完成交易。

用户体验良好:该模式支持市价单、限价单和止损单等多种交易选项,交易体验接近传统中心化交易所。

高Gas费用:链下撮合、链上结算的操作需要较高的Gas费用,尤其当网络拥堵时,交易成本可能高达数十美元,对小额交易者不利。(DYDX V4 已经解决这一问题)

资金池模式

资金池模式通常被称为点对池模式,用户与资金池进行交易,价格由预言机提供。资金池模式包括以下几种类型:

单一资产流动性提供者

用户将单一资产存入金库,形成资金池。交易者通过协议与资金池进行交易,质押者从交易者的亏损中获利。

其特点包括:

超额抵押:随着交易者的亏损,金库中的资产可能超过质押者的初始存入量。

非保本:流动性提供者可能直接面临亏损,其收益取决于交易者的盈亏。

缓冲机制:当总体损益为负时,保险库使用部分交易费用作为缓冲,以保护质押者的资金并激励其继续参与。

组合资产流动性提供者

流动性提供者质押多种资产,形成组合资产资金池。以GMX为例,用户通过质押流动性代币GLP来提供流动性,GLP的价格由ETH、WBTC、LINK等多种资产决定。

其特点包括:

零滑点交易:交易价格由预言机报价,即使进行大额交易也不会产生滑点。

无限流动性:只要GLP池中有资产,所有交易对都能获得流动性,流动性深度可整合。

无需许可的参与:任何人都可以参与提供流动性,并根据持有的GLP份额分享平台收益。

虚拟自动做市商(vAMM)模式

vAMM模式由自动做市商(AMM)发展而来,由 Perp protocol 首创。与普通的 AMM 相同,vAMM 也是采用了 x y = k 进行自动价格发现,不同的是 vAMM 不需要真实的流动性提供者,用户将真实资产作为抵押品存入智能合约金库后会铸造虚拟资产,然后按照 x y = k 在流动性池内交易和报价。用户仅在虚拟资产池中进行交易,降低了风险。其特点如下:

高效交易:自动化机制使其无需等待手动调整价格,交易能快速执行。

零无常损失:由于没有实际的流动性,只是通过算法实现价格发现,用户不会面临无常损失问题。

杠杆交易:交易者可以通过合理的清算机制在虚拟池中进行杠杆交易,提高资金利用率。

有限的流动性:流动性受限于提供者的深度,不同交易对之间的流动性无法共享。

总结

永续合约已经成为去中心化衍生品交易的核心驱动力之一,凭借其灵活的结构和高度的可扩展性,在DEFI领域迅速扩展。尽管面临流动性获取、市场波动以及平台竞争等挑战,DYDX和 GMX 等平台通过优化流动性模型、引入预言机定价机制,显著提高了交易效率和用户体验。随着更多创新协议的加入以及跨链技术的发展,永续合约市场有望在未来实现更广泛的应用,并推动整个DEFI生态的进一步成熟。

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