“夺权”美联储,美财长发文呼吁全面审查美联储

深潮Publicado em 2025-09-09Última atualização em 2025-09-10

贝森特的观点文章似乎预示着,特朗普政府对美联储的批评升级,不再仅要求降息,还开始质疑美联储的整体运作模式和作为独立性机构的基石。

作者:后歆桐,第一财经

在市场以及全球其他央行都担忧且质疑特朗普政府危及美联储独立性之际,美国财长贝森特(Scott Bessent)近日发表署名观点文章称,美联储自身的问题,包括政策失误、职能扩张等,才导致其独立性岌岌可危,并呼吁对美联储进行独立的全面审查。

贝森特回溯至2008年金融危机时期,称大家可能会认为,2008年后创造的新工具和金融市场的集中化将使美联储对经济的方向有更深入的了解,或者至少应该使美联储能够更有效地引导经济。但情况却并非如此。2009年,美联储预测2011年实际国内生产总值(GDP)将加速至4%。相反,增长放缓至1.6%。期间,美联储的两年预测累计夸大了实际GDP超过1万亿美元。“反复的失误表明,美联储过于相信自己的能力和刺激增长的扩张性财政政策。而当特朗普政府转向减税和放松管制时,美联储的预测又变得过于悲观,凸显出其对有缺陷的模型的依赖和对供应端副作用的忽视。”他补充称,2008年金融危机期间和之后的连续干预为各类资产所有者提供了事实上的支持,但年轻和不太富裕的家庭,却被排除在资产升值之外,因而受到通货膨胀的打击最严重。

除了政策失误、加剧贫富差距,贝森特进一步写道,美联储“不断扩大的足迹”对独立性有着深远的影响。通过将职权范围扩大到传统上留给财政部门的领域,美联储模糊了货币和财政政策之间的界限。美联储资产负债表政策直接影响到哪些部门获得资本,干预了本应属于市场和民选官员的领域。他说,美联储与财政部债务管理的纠缠还造成一种观感,即货币政策正被用来满足财政需求,总统和国会可以依赖美联储在糟糕的财政选择后救助政府。

再者,贝森特写道,美联储监管过度也加剧了问题。《多德-弗兰克法案》极大地扩大了美联储的监管范围,使后者成为美国金融的主要监管机构。十五年过去了,结果令人失望。2023年硅谷银行的倒闭说明了监管和货币政策相结合的危险。美联储对其监管的银行进行监管、贷款和设定盈利能力计算,这是一场不可避免的冲突,模糊了问责制,危及了独立性。他提出,一个更连贯的框架将恢复专业化:授权联邦存款保险公司和货币监理署领导银行监管,同时让美联储进行宏观监督、负责最后贷款人流动性和货币政策。

“美联储超越其法定范围的职责扩张损害了联储自身的信誉与政治合法性。非标准政策的过度使用、使命蔓延和机构臃肿威胁着央行的独立性。”贝森特总结道,“独立性的核心在于信誉和政治合法性。美联储的扩张超越了其职权范围,导致其信誉和政治合法性都受到了威胁。大规模干预产生了严重的分配结果,破坏了可信度,并威胁到独立性。展望未来,美联储必须减少其对经济造成的扭曲。量化宽松等非常规政策只应在真正的紧急情况下与联邦政府其他部门协调使用。还必须对整个机构进行诚实、独立、无党派的审查,包括货币政策、监管、沟通、人员配置和研究。”

贝森特的观点文章似乎预示着,特朗普政府对美联储的批评升级,不再仅要求降息,还开始质疑美联储的整体运作模式和作为独立性机构的基石。这一情况也印证了市场人士此前的担忧。早在特朗普政府突然放缓了对鲍威尔降息的施压,转而抓住美联储大楼翻修案时,瑞士百达财富管理美国高级经济学家崔晓就对第一财经记者称,特朗普政府或许想借翻修案为名,提出对美联储进行更多监管和机制改革,这会带来比辞退鲍威尔创造更大的操作空间和可能性。

特朗普偏好的美联储主席继任者沃什此前也曾呼吁全面改革美联储的运作方式,并建议酝酿一份新的“财政部-美联储协议”,取代1951年《财政部-美联储协议》,后者被美联储前主席保罗·沃尔克称为《中央银行独立性宪章》。“一旦开始改动,很多机制就都有改革、改动的可能性,相当于打开了‘潘多拉魔盒’。”崔晓称,如此一来,特朗普就更容易把自己的政策主张施加给美联储。

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