不要低估特朗普的决心:美国会如何「降息」?

深潮Publicado em 2025-08-31Última atualização em 2025-09-01

到底是“政治化”降息还是数据驱动式降息?

撰文:李笑寅

来源:华尔街见闻

美联储货币政策会议将在本月召开,当前市场的焦点集中在美联储独立性是否会受损,以及即将到来的降息是否具有「政治化」色彩。

近日,来自 Academy Securities 宏观策略主管 Peter Tchir 发文称,这种担忧助长了一种普遍预期:即使美联储启动降息,也只会压低短端利率,而长端收益率将因通胀担忧而面临上行压力。目前,这种观点已成为市场主流,并指导着许多投资者的头寸布局。

然而,Tchir 认为,投资者可能未能进行足够的「跳出常规思维」,从而低估了政府压低利率的计划。除了传统的货币政策,美国政府可能会采取一系列非常规措施,包括调整美联储资产负债表、改变通胀数据统计方式,甚至重估黄金储备,以达成其压低长期利率的目标。

Tchir 补充称,这些潜在的政策选项超越了单纯的降息操作,可能涉及美联储、财政部乃至会计准则的协同运作。

「政治化」降息还是数据驱动式降息?

市场对「政治化」降息的担忧,可能忽视了降息本身的经济合理性。

文章表示,如果在数据层面有足够理由支持大幅降息,那么市场对长端利率的恐慌情绪可能不会出现。

Tchir 指出,早在官员们就降息问题产生分歧之前,经济数据已现疲软迹象。例如,在 7 月的美联储会议上已有两位官员对不降息的决定提出异议,而此后公布的 6 月就业数据又被大幅下修;鲍威尔在杰克逊霍尔的讲话也展现出鸽派立场。

这些迹象表明,美联储内部支持降息的理由可能比会议纪要所揭示的更为充分。

Tchir 认为,如果后续就业数据未能显示强劲改善,9 月份降息 50 个基点完全在「合理」范畴之内,而不能简单地视为政治驱动。如果降息被市场视为有理有据,那么投资者预期中的「警报」——即长端债券遭抛售——就不太可能成为现实。

传统利率工具效力减弱

Tchir 认为,美国政府考虑非常规选项的另一个原因,在于传统货币政策工具的效力正在减弱。

文章解释称,仅通过调整前端的联邦基金利率来影响经济,其传导路径存在「漫长而多变的」时滞,效果难以评估。在政策生效的数月内,贸易战、地缘冲突等任何因素都可能改变经济轨迹。

此外,自零利率政策时代以来,许多企业、个人和市政债券发行人已经锁定了长期低利率,这使得他们对前端利率变化的敏感度大大降低。这意味着,通过短端利率来传导货币政策的有效性已经不如以往。

非常规政策的「工具箱」可能有哪些?

如果传统工具的效果不显著,政府可能会打开其非常规政策的「工具箱」,直接干预长期利率。

激进降息配合前瞻指引

一种可能的策略是「毕其功于一役」。例如,一次性大幅降息 100 个基点,同时承诺在未来几个季度内保持利率不变,除非数据出现巨大变化。

此举旨在迅速打消市场对未来降息路径的持续猜测。一次性降息 100 个基点将需要收益率曲线出现极大幅度的陡峭化,才能使 10 年期美债收益率维持在 4% 以上,这对于「债市义警」而言可能是一个难以完成的任务。

从数据层面「攻击」通胀

另一种策略是直接挑战通胀数据的有效性。目前美国 CPI 中权重极大的住房成本部分,由于其「所有者等价租金」(OER)的滞后算法,正在人为地推高通胀数据。

Tchir 指出,克利夫兰联储编制的新指标显示,真实的租金通胀已回落至正常水平,远低于 CPI 中的住房通胀。通过强调这类数据差异,美国政府可以有效削弱市场的通胀恐惧,为降息扫清障碍。

再启「扭转操作」

最核心的手段或许是重启「扭转操作」(Operation Twist,OT),通过同时卖出短期美债和买入长期美债,以压低长期利率。

目前美联储资产负债表严重偏向短债,持有 7 年期以下的债券约 2 万亿美元,而 15 年期以上的债券仅 1 万亿美元。分析师设想,美联储可以出售约 1.2 万亿美元的 3 年期及以下债券,并用这笔资金购买 20 年期以上的长债。

Tchir 指出,此举将使美联储在超长债市场上的持仓规模增加近两倍,购买力将足以影响甚至控制约占自由流通量 50% 的超长债市场,从而直接压低长期收益率。

其他潜在选项

其他更具颠覆性的选项也可能被纳入考虑范围。

比如收益率曲线控制(YCC),虽然在美国尚无先例,但在日本已有实践,对于一个习惯于通过关税「设定价格」的政府来说,为收益率设定上限并非不可想象。

此外,重估美国黄金储备也是一个选项。据测算,若将美国官方黄金储备按市价重估,可产生约 5000 亿美元的会计收益。此举虽然复杂,但能有效分散市场注意力,并可能为其他投资计划提供资金。

Tchir 补充说,此举可能导致美元走弱,但这对于一个旨在改善贸易逆差的政府来说,或许是「一个特性,而非一个缺陷」。

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