再谈美元霸权与稳定币:美元霸权不是被击败的,而是被绕过的

marsbitPublicado em 2025-07-03Última atualização em 2025-07-04

SWIFT

美元霸权不是被击败的,而是被绕过的。不是被另一个霸权取代,而是被去霸权化。不是在某个戏剧性时刻崩塌,而是在千万个 P2P 交易中悄然瓦解。

 

上次我们讨论了稳定币如何成为美元霸权的双刃剑。今天,让我们深入剖析美元霸权运作机制的核心通道 CHIPS,以及为什么稳定币可以绕开这个通道,削弱美元霸权。

 

01 美元霸权的通道

 

让我们从一个简单的例子开始。假设一家泰国公司想要向阿根廷公司支付 10 亿阿根廷比索(约 80 多万美元)的货款。理论上,这笔交易与美国毫无关系 —— 泰国公司、阿根廷公司、两国货币,美国在哪里?

 

但现实是残酷的。

 

首先是汇率陷阱。泰铢对阿根廷比索的直接汇率市场几乎不存在。即使存在,买卖差价可能高达 15%。于是,这家泰国公司被迫选择「更便宜」的路径:先将泰铢换成美元,再将美元换成比索。为了省钱和便利,进入 SWIFT 和 CHIPS 的「道」。

 

SWIFT 是全球银行间金融通信网络,为跨境支付提供安全、标准化的信息传输服务。它通过专属代码识别金融机构,确保跨境汇款、信用证等交易精准路由;覆盖超 200 个国家 / 地区,连接超 1.1 万家金融机构。

 

但 SWIFT 仅仅是个通讯系统 ——「银行间的 WhatsApp」。泰国银行给阿根廷银行发送一条 SWIFT 消息:「请向某某账户支付 10 亿比索。」但消息不是钱。真正的资金流在哪里?

 

这就引出了美元霸权的另一个核心支柱:CHIPS(Clearing House Interbank Payments System,纽约清算所银行间支付系统)。CHIPS 承担了全球 95% 以上的银行同业美元支付清算与外汇交易结算业务。几乎所有国际美元交易 —— 无论是泰国到阿根廷,还是德国到日本 —— 最终都必须通过 CHIPS 清算。

 

为什么?这里需要理解一个关键概念:所谓的 "海外美元" 都只是欠条。德国某银行的美元账户,实际上是该银行纽约分行在美国某家 CHIPS 成员银行的账户。当德国企业向日本企业转账美元时,实际清算必须在纽约进行。

 

这就像一个全球赌场:世界各地的银行都在发行和交易美元筹码,但这些筹码最终都必须回到纽约这个唯一的兑换窗口才能变现。无论你在拉斯维加斯、摩纳哥还是澳门赢了筹码,最后都得去同一个收银台。而 CHIPS,就是这个全球美元赌场的唯一收银台。

 

02 CHIPS:沉默的刺客

 

如果说 SWIFT 是美元霸权的喉舌,那么 CHIPS 就是它的心脏。但奇怪的是,几乎没人谈论 CHIPS。

 

为什么 CHIPS 比 SWIFT 更致命?SWIFT 禁令意味着 "你不能用我们的通讯网络",你还可以改用电话、邮件或其他银行。但 CHIPS 禁令意味着 "你的美元被冻结",没有任何应对方法。这就是切断电话线与冻结银行账户的区别。

 

CHIPS 的效率令人震惊,每天处理 1.8 万亿美元的交易。通过精妙的多边净额结算,CHIPS 的流动性效率平均为 25:1,即每投入 1 美元的资金,可支持 25 美元的结算支付价值(CHIPS 官网数据)。41 家 CHIPS 直接会员控制着全球 95% 的国际美元流动。美国财政部一声令下,任何实体都可能被排除在外。

 

更可怕的是 CHIPS 的无声武器化。2018 年,土耳其国有银行 Halkbank 的高管在美国被捕。CHIPS 没有正式制裁该银行,但其美元支付开始 "遭遇技术故障"。清算时间从 1 天延长到 2-3 周,许多土耳其企业被迫放弃美元交易。没有头条新闻,没有正式声明,只有缓慢的金融窒息。

 

「如将我国金融机构(如中国银行)踢出 CHIPS,相当于对华释放了一颗‘金融核弹’,易对我国造成较大的系统性金融风险,而美国自身损失相对较小。这种操作对美国来说简单灵活,易成为斗争激化时美国首选的政策工具。」(黄奇帆《战略与路径》)

 

03 稳定币:绕过霸权的阳关道

 

在传统货币体系内,虽然大家已经看透美国的游戏,但是能够挑战的寥寥无几。中国力图绕过美元霸权,推出了 CIPS—— 一个 SWIFT+CHIPS+Fedwire 的三合一替代品。CIPS 整合了通讯、清算、结算功能,23 小时运营,原生支持跨币种交易,还为数字人民币预留了接口,技术上确实先进。

 

但 CIPS 至今还难以解决两大困境:

 

首先是流动性困境:美元 / 欧元市场日交易 6 万亿美元,点差 0.01%;而人民币 / 欧元市场日交易不超过 500 亿美元,点差 0.5%;至于人民币 / 卢布市场,点差可以超过 1% 甚至超过 2%。市场没有深度就没有效率,没有效率就没有吸引力。

 

其次是汇率定价困境:一些交易的汇率定价背后具有较强的行政力量,与市场汇率存在偏差,还没有形成成熟的汇率定价机制。

 

然而,就在中美两国为控制金融管道而角力时,在传统路径之外,加密世界正在建造飞行器。

 

稳定币彻底绕过了 CHIPS。传统路径需要经过层层中介,稳定币只需要钱包对钱包。无法通过 CHIPS 监控交易、冻结资金、执行制裁。这个美元霸权的支柱在稳定币体系里毫无支撑力。

 

稳定币实现了真正的 7*24 清算,而 CHIPS 只在工作日运行 18.5 小时。更重要的是,稳定币创造了去中心化的流动性。在拉各斯,你找不到奈拉 / 泰铢的交易市场,但你能找到 USDT / 奈拉的 P2P 市场。市场深度不再由央行创造,而是由需求自发形成。

 

但批评者总是指出稳定币的关键瓶颈:你最终还是需要换回法币。USDT 在链上流转得再自由,到了现实世界,你还是得通过银行体系才能买到面包。然而,这个局面即将被彻底改变。

 

04 以法币之名,告别法币

 

美国自己可能会扣动终结美元霸权的扳机。

 

美国的 GENIUS 法案及相关立法正在为稳定币的主流化铺平道路。当监管明确后,美国企业巨头们已经摩拳擦掌:亚马逊准备推出 Amazon USD,沃尔玛计划发行 Walmart Dollar,苹果可能上线 iUSD。这不是小打小闹的试验,而是即将改变游戏规则的海啸。

 

想象 2027 年的一天:早上用 iUSD 买星巴克,中午用 Amazon USD 购物,下午收到企业稳定币工资,晚上用稳定币支付订阅,月底用 USDC 交房租。全程无需触碰传统银行。这不再是 "最后一英里" 的问题,而是整个旅程都不需要法币。

 

当沃尔玛接受稳定币支付并给予折扣时,竞争对手将被迫跟进。墨西哥工人可以收取 Walmart Dollar 工资,瞬间发送给家人,家人可以直接消费或兑换比索。整个过程无银行参与,无 CHIPS 清算。

 

更具破坏性的是企业间支付。当特斯拉可以用稳定币向供应商付款,供应商可以用稳定币购买原材料,整个供应链都可以运行在稳定币之上时,一个平行于传统银行体系的金融宇宙就此诞生。

 

这不是科幻小说。在今天的阿根廷,许多自由职业者已经完全活在稳定币经济中。银行,似乎是另一个世界的东西。

 

05 美元霸权的悖论

 

美国现在面临一个无解的困境。如果扼杀稳定币,创新将外流,其他国家甚至去中心化的稳定币将趁虚而入。如果拥抱稳定币,CHIPS 将逐渐边缘化,金融监控能力下降,制裁武器失效。如果试图控制稳定币,去中心化项目将转入地下,其他国家推出竞争产品,反而加速去美元化。

 

这就像大英帝国在 19 世纪末的困境:选择开放带来了伦敦的繁荣,但也埋下了英镑霸权终结的种子。

 

未来五年将是金融史的分水岭。如果稳定币日交易量超过万亿美元,如果财富 500 强普遍接受稳定币支付,如果多个国家将稳定币纳入储备,那么传统金融体系将面临不可逆转的式微。

 

金融网络具有强大的路径依赖。一旦稳定币生态达到临界规模,使用的人越多流动性越好,流动性越好成本越低,成本越低吸引力越大,吸引力越大使用的人越多。这是一个正反馈循环,而 CHIPS 将陷入相反的死亡螺旋。

 

06 去霸权化体系的萌芽

 

我们正在见证的不仅是支付方式的改变,而是金融权力结构的根本重组。从地理空间到赛博空间,从需要许可到无需许可,从不透明到透明,从单极霸权到去中心化网络。

 

CHIPS 大楼依然矗立在纽约,每天处理着数万亿美元。但在全球各地的角落里,一个平行金融宇宙正在加速膨胀。

 

历史的吊诡在于,美元霸权最强大的时刻可能也是它最脆弱的时刻。当一切交易都必须经过你的节点时,绕过这个节点就成了所有人的动力。当金融武器化达到极致时,去武器化的技术就会应运而生。

 

布雷顿森林体系从确立到崩溃用了 27 年。基于 CHIPS 的美元霸权体系还能维持多久?

 

未来的金融史教科书可能会这样记载:美元霸权不是被击败的,而是被绕过的。不是被另一个霸权取代,而是被去霸权化。不是在某个戏剧性时刻崩塌,而是在千万个 P2P 交易中悄然瓦解。

 

当然,美国并没有放弃在稳定币上加装霸权武器。美国稳定币 GENIUS 法案要求,稳定币发行人需要制定政策和程序,以阻止、冻结和拒绝违法交易,及制定有效的客户识别计划,包括识别和验证账户持有人、高价值交易和适当的强化尽职调查。最近泰达迫于压力冻结了总价值 9 亿美元涉及伊朗的钱包中的泰达稳定币,这就是美国有意图武器化美元稳定币的信号。

 

但稳定币逐步在全球兴起,稳定币发行人将日益多元化,同时去中心化的稳定币发行平台也在生长。美国对稳定币的控制力,将远不如通过 SWIFT 和 CHIPS 对传统货币体系的控制力。

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