解读美国 SEC 主席详谈链上发行、托管与交易

深潮Publicado em 2025-05-14Última atualização em 2025-05-14

规则应该写清楚,不该靠执法吓人。

撰文:刘红林、邵嘉碘

这两年你要说美国 SEC 跟加密行业关系好,那基本等于说老虎信佛爱吃素。大部分时候,SEC 的态度不是「你先别做」,就是「你敢做,我就敢起诉」。但现在画风似乎有点变了。

5 月 12 日,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)主席 Paul S. Atkins 在「加密资产圆桌会议」上做了一场内容密度很高的讲话。乍看是一次行业交流,实则是对过去几年 SEC 加密监管模式的系统性反思。更重要的是,他用近一个小时,把「链上证券」的监管逻辑,重新讲了一遍。

如果用一句话总结他这场讲话的基调,那就是:规则应该写清楚,不该靠执法吓人。

这是 SEC 近年来首次明确提出要建立加密资产发行、托管和交易的「专门监管框架」,并承认现行规则不适用于链上资产。这对整个 Web3 行业来说,是一次不可忽视的信号。

发行:不是「不让发」,是「这套表格你填不了」

这几年 SEC 在 Token 发行上的策略几乎是「默认非法」,但又不给合法路径。大部分项目只要敢碰美国投资人,就得做好应诉准备。哪怕你想合规,走 S-1、Reg A 的注册路径,也常常卡在表格本身不适用。

S-1 是美国企业 IPO 时填写的标准注册文件,要求详尽披露高管薪酬、资金用途、公司治理结构等内容;Reg A(Regulation A)则是针对中小型发行人设计的轻量化注册豁免机制。但对于多数 Web3 项目来说,这两套工具都显得过于笨重甚至不适配,比如 Token 项目没有传统公司架构,资金用途常常是链上自动执行,很多核心内容没有办法「预写」。

Atkins 主席这次说得很直白:现行证券发行的披露要求,不该强行套到链上资产上。「方钉不该硬塞进圆孔」,这句他在演讲里直接说了。他提出要推动专门适用于加密资产的注册豁免、披露模板和安全港条款,探索更现实的监管路径。

他还特别点出了 SEC 过去的「鸵鸟式管理」:一开始装看不见,希望行业自己灭亡,后面又一头扎进执法,用个案制造威慑,但始终没有建立统一的规则。现在他说清楚了——规则要由委员会通过,不再靠「即兴执法」。

托管:技术不是问题,问题是制度卡住了技术

加密资产的托管问题,这几年其实就是「谁来管」的问题。传统金融机构被 SAB 121 吓退,自托管又没有法律地位,结果很多基金、机构想参与链上资产配置,最后被卡在托管环节。

SAB 121 是 SEC 工作人员 2022 年发布的一份会计公告,要求公司把托管的客户加密资产计入自己资产负债表中,导致监管风险陡增。其本意是为了保障用户资产,但实际效果是让大多数银行、券商退出了加密托管市场。

现在 SAB 121 已经被撤销,这次主席也明确表示这份文件「不合法、未经审批、影响恶劣」。但更重要的是,他开始谈下一步怎么修。

他指出:只要安全性足够,技术能力可以替代传统托管资质。在某些前提下,自托管也可以是合规选项。这其实为 DeFi 平台、钱包厂商、甚至是链上资产管理项目打开了合规可能性。

此外,他还批评了「特殊目的经纪商」(Special Purpose Broker-Dealer)制度设计失败,只批了两家、效果不佳。他暗示这套机制要重构,也就是说,未来托管和交易的合规路径,有可能重新整合、降低门槛。

交易:从「交易即触法」走向「有限豁免试点」

SEC 长期对链上资产交易持强监管立场,尤其是在「是否属于证券」这道坎上,让大多数 Token 项目走上了「不落地、不合规、不敢上线」的死循环。

这次讲话中,Atkins 主席的说法是明确松绑的。他提出要让 ATS(Alternative Trading Systems)平台支持证券与非证券的混合交易。

ATS 是美国监管体系下对证券类交易平台的一个分类,可以理解为「非上市交易所」,很多数字资产平台曾试图注册成为 ATS,以提供合规交易能力。但目前 ATS 制度并未针对加密资产作出清晰定义,导致多数平台望而却步。

主席还特别强调「豁免机制」的必要性。也就是说,如果一个项目因为技术创新或结构特殊,暂时无法满足所有合规要求,SEC 可能提供一定条件下的测试空间。这不是放任自流,而是有条件、可监督、可试错的合规通道。

行业影响:监管边界不再靠猜,合规空间开始出现

这次讲话最大的意义在于,它不是对某个项目的判例说明,也不是某位委员的个人意见,而是 SEC 主席在委员会授权下,第一次完整表述了加密资产监管应有的逻辑。

这背后的政策底色也很清晰:特朗普政府希望美国成为「全球加密之都」,而 SEC 作为核心金融监管机构,不再能装作加密资产是边角业务。

未来几年内,链上证券、稳定币、RWA、Token 支付平台这些方向,可能会成为 SEC 新规则下的试点窗口。而创业者与项目方也必须从原来的「绕监管」模式,转入「设计内生合规」的状态。

作为 Web3 律师的建议:不是「可以做了」,而是「有法可依地做」

从实务角度看,我们会建议:

第一,留意 S-1、Reg A 等发行路径的结构调整。 如果 SEC 推动加密专属披露规则,项目方就可以合理选择注册豁免方式,而不必每次都从美国境外发币开始规避。

第二,重视托管合规性的筹备。 不管是链上钱包、自托管系统,还是依赖第三方服务商,都需要尽快评估其在新规则下的合规边界。

第三,关注 ATS 及相关交易平台的政策调整。 如果你是做交易所、做撮合产品的项目,现在可能是结构设计重新上桌的窗口期。

第四,认真评估项目是否适用于「有条件豁免」机制。 一些早期项目,可能不适合全面注册,但可以通过规则豁免获得落地路径。这是合规路线,不是灰色通道。

这次讲话不是宣布加密行业「可以做了」,而是提供了做的方式可以谈了。

如果你是正在考虑启动美区 Token 项目、结构化 RWA 产品,或者探索合规交易通道的 Web3 创业者,欢迎与我们团队交流。曼昆律师事务所长期关注中美加密法规对接,协助项目在法律框架内完成从 0 到 1 的路径设计。

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