Celo迁移背后:L1终将走向L2?

Odaily星球日报Publicado em 2025-03-31Última atualização em 2025-03-31

Resumo

L1是Web3时代的大型主机,L2则是托管服务器。

原文作者:Kydo

原文编译:Luffy,Foresight News

上周,加密领域发生了一件大事,但只有少数人完全理解其中的重要意义。

Celo 宣布从独立的 L1 区块链转变为以太坊的 L2 区块链。

人们很容易将此解读为又一次技术迁移。但实际上,这标志着以太坊一直在悄然推动的一个更为广泛的转变,它正在重塑我们对加密领域项目构建的认知。

让我们来深入剖析一下。

一、行业开始认真对待成本与营收问题

我们正处于一场姗姗来迟的调整之中。加密市场开始重新重视基本面,叙事依然重要,但如今,人们会问:

  • 这条链的实际营收是多少?

  • 它的运营成本是多少?

  • 价值在何处积累?

像市值与收入比(REV)这样的一系列新指标开始变得愈发重要,它们揭示了表面上看似相似的区块链之间的显著差异。

这或许就是 Celo 决定转向以太坊 L2 的原因。

二、L1 无法获取营收,L2 可以

人们常常忽略这一点:L1 链实际上无法以可持续的方式获取营收。

为什么呢?因为所有的价值都直接流向了质押者或矿工。L1 收取费用,而这些费用会立即作为区块奖励或质押收益进行分配。没有留存的利润空间,没有盈余,也就没有剩余资金来为创新或协议开发提供资金支持。

这就产生了一种奇怪的现象:L1 可以是极具价值的平台,但却仍像公共基础设施一样运作,没有内置的资金机制来实现发展演变。

与之形成对比的是 L2,L2 能够留存并重新调配营收。排序器费用、最大可提取价值(MEV),甚至是对区块空间的定制收费,都可以被保留起来,然后再投入到研发、开发者资助、增长推广活动或公共产品中。随着时间的推移,这是一种能够实现真正可持续性并使激励措施保持一致的模式。

这就是为什么这么多新的生态系统选择优先构建 L2。这不仅仅关乎技术架构,更关乎经济设计。

三、L1 是 Web3 时代的大型主机

这里有一个简单的思维模型:L1 区块链就像是加密领域的大型主机。

在互联网发展的早期,如果想要运行一个重要的应用程序,你得购买一台大型主机。你要维护硬件,编写自己的网络堆栈,还要负责系统的正常运行时间、安全性、性能等方方面面。这很强大,但成本高昂。

今天运行一条 L1 区块链也面临着类似的情况。你需要有自己的共识机制,自己的验证者集合,以及自己的代币激励措施来保障网络安全。为了让系统保持运行和安全,你每年需要花费数百万美元。

以 Celo 为例,他们每年要花费代币总发行量的 4% 到 6% ,大约每年 1500 万到 2500 万美元,仅仅是为了维持基本的安全性和系统的正常运行。

这并不罕见。以太坊是这样,Solana 也是如此。每一条独立的 L1 都要承担这样的成本。但关键在于:这个成本不会随着规模减小而降低。如果你是一条规模较小的 L1 链,你所承担的成本可能不堪重负。

四、L2 就像是托管服务器:同样强大,成本更低

现在想象一下,你不再运行大型主机,而是切换到托管服务器。

你仍然可以控制自己的环境,可以定制自己的区块链运行方式,在执行方面也依然拥有自主权。但你无需自己去保障物理设备的安全,以太坊上的 L2 就是这样。

作为 L2 的 Celo,仍将提供相同的用户体验。但现在,安全性方面的繁重工作,如欺诈证明、共识机制以及基础层的最终确定性,都由以太坊来处理。维护这条链的成本大幅下降。

不再是每年 2000 万美元的安全成本,现在的成本仅仅是状态存储费用和数据可用性方面的成本,而且可以通过数据压缩和使用替代的数据可用性层(Celo 选择了 EigenDA)来进一步降低成本。

五、为何这是以太坊的一次战略妙举

这不仅仅关乎 Celo,还意味着以太坊的长期战略终于开始逐步落实到位。

以太坊不再试图成为 “统治一切的唯一服务器”。那种单一主导链的愿景,在计算领域的每个时代,无论是 Web1、Web2,还是现在的 Web3,都已被证明是错误的。

相反,以太坊正在成为其他链可以构建于其上的基础层,将安全性、去中心化和互操作性作为一种服务提供。

没错,乍一看这像是自相蚕食。以太坊正在降低其 L1 链的 “溢价”。但实际上,通过成为其他链所依赖的基础,它正在占领一个更为广阔的市场。

你可以坚持认为只会有一台服务器,也可以选择助力构建接下来的数十亿台服务器。

就像如今没有人再运行自己的大型主机一样,未来,很少有项目会运行自己的 L1 链。它们会运行托管服务器,它们会成为 L2,而且它们会基于以太坊来实现这一切。

向效率靠拢是必然趋势

随着各项目面临降低成本和增加营收的市场压力,它们会得出与 Celo 相同的结论:

当以太坊能用更低的成本提供更强的安全性时,为什么还要花费数千万美元来搭建一条新的 L1 呢?

这可能不会在一夜之间发生,但它终将到来,因为经济规律不会出错。

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