​SEC为何放松对SAB 121的限制?

比推Publicado em 2024-09-14Última atualização em 2024-09-14

作者:Alex Thorn,来源:推特@intangiblecoins;编译:白水,金色财经

9 月 9 日星期一,美国证券交易委员会 (SEC) 首席会计师 Paul Munter 发表演讲,他在演讲中透露,委员会并不反对银行评估 SAB 121 资产负债表会计要求不适用于该银行。在演讲中,Munter 描述了银行控股公司的情况和私人交易,这些交易建立了一个事实模式,在 SEC 看来,不需要 SAB 121 对该银行进行会计处理。简而言之,这可能为一些银行进入加密资产托管市场铺平道路。

背景

美国证券交易委员会于 2022 年提出了《员工会计公告 121》(“SAB 121”)。根据 SAB 121,上市公司必须在其公司资产负债表上核算代表客户持有的数字资产。如果托管人破产,这可能会导致这些公司的托管客户成为无担保债权人。由于许多银行都是上市公司,并且由于单独的银行资本规则要求银行在其资产负债表上以 1:1 的比例持有加密资产的现金,SAB 121 的效果是阻止任何银行代表储户托管加密资产。

2024 年 5 月,国会两院通过了一项法案,将 SAB 121 列为正式规则,并声称 SEC 在没有进行正式规则制定程序(例如提供评论期、在《联邦公报》上公布等)的情况下发布该规则违反了《行政程序法》。 21 名众议院民主党人不顾白宫否决的威胁,与共和党人一起通过了这项将有效推翻 SAB 121 的法案,11 名民主党人和 1 名独立人士与参议院共和党人一起通过了该法案。拜登总统于 5 月 31 日否决了该法案,认为推翻 SAB 121“将不恰当地限制 SEC 制定适当护栏和未来问题的能力”并“有可能削弱 SEC 在会计实践方面的更广泛权力”。拜登继续表示,他的“政府不会支持危害消费者和投资者福祉的措施。”

发生了什么

在周一的讲话中,Munter 坚称“员工对 SAB 121 的看法保持不变”,但他还是概述了两个不同的事实模式,如果适用于一家公司,那么该公司就不必应用 SAB 121。

首先,如果银行控股公司满足以下条件,则他们有途径获得 SAB 121 的救济:1)获得“州一级审慎监管机构的书面批准”;2)客户加密资产将以破产隔离的方式持有,并且该隔离由法律意见证实;3)银行在与机构存款人的合同中协商了明确的谨慎标准;4)监管、法律和技术风险得到持续缓解和评估。

其次,如果介绍经纪人满足以下条件,他们也有途径获得 SAB 121 的救济:1)他们不拥有客户资产的加密密钥;2)第三方是客户的代理人,而不是介绍经纪人;3)介绍经纪人获得支持其与加密资产活动有关的地位的法律意见。

分析

简而言之,这似乎是个好消息。希望托管加密资产并明确符合所述事实模式的银行有一条明确的途径来避免 SAB 121 会计。有无数类型的机构投资者希望获得最高形式的合格托管 – 银行托管。如果世界上最受信任的托管银行可以托管加密资产 – 更不用说代币化资产 – 这可能会缓解多年来一直存在的采用的巨大障碍。

但这次演讲有一些奇怪的地方。私人指导和随后概述实现救济的事实模式的演讲有效地划分了很大一部分潜在的 SAB 121 报告公司。事实上,如果银行不需要这样做,那就只剩下 Coinbase 和一些上市金融科技公司了。不过,也许有一些细微差别 – 事实模式特别提到银行“获得了州一级审慎监管机构的书面批准”。因此,根据这次演讲,国家特许银行(即 OCC 监管的银行)可能不符合事实模式,因此需要进入 SEC 并陈述自己的理由。鉴于国家银行监管机构目前对加密货币的态度,鉴于该机构目前对数字资产的敌视态度,可能很难获得 OCC 的书面批准。如果国家银行想要参与其中,他们可能需要花费更多的时间和金钱来说服 SEC 他们也应该得到救济。(这个过程让我们想起了 SEC 委员 Hester Peirce 关于“秘密花园”的雄辩演讲。)但是,仍然有一些非常大的州特许托管银行。世界上最大的两家托管银行都是州信托(纽约的纽约梅隆银行和马萨诸塞州的 State Street)。

演讲还反复具体提到,银行控股公司将以破产隔离的方式持有客户资产,这对于 SEC 工作人员的分析非常重要,这使得银行可以避免 SAB 121 会计。但会计准则对那些确实适用的人的影响实际上可能会产生相反的效果。Coinbase 自己在 2022 年 5 月 SAB 121 发布后披露,“客户可以被视为我们的一般无担保债权人。”因此,一方面,为了避免 SAB 121 会计,这家不知名的银行向 SEC 保证,它将为客户托管的加密资产将与破产隔离,但另一方面,像 Coinbase 这样的上市公司明确警告说,SAB 121 可能意味着他们客户的加密资产与破产隔离。这真是令人费解。

为什么 SEC 不能简单地修改或撤销 SAB 121?为什么 SEC 不能通过正常程序就美国国会参众两院都认为违反《行政程序法》的规则这一问题采取正式措施?在某种程度上,SEC 在这个问题上把自己逼入了绝境——委员会否认 SAB 121 实际上是一项正式规则(尽管国会参众两院不同意),但如果不是正式规则,他们就无法提供正式的救济(例如,通过不采取行动信函)。他们无法通过正式的规则制定程序提供澄清,因为他们在过去两年里一直固执己见,以至于在被国会两党排斥后,他们需要总统用否决权来拯救他们。鉴于这一难题,SEC 似乎能提供的最好的东西就是将实体从适用性中剔除出去的指导。加密行业一直在大声呼吁 SEC 制定正式的规则和指导,但显然每个人都只能与工作人员进行幕后对话,从而允许规则被秘密淡化。

SEC 首席会计师表示,“员工对 SAB 121 的看法没有改变”,但他刚刚宣布了一个漏洞,允许大量适用该法案的公司忽视它。这种逻辑的复杂性质让人很难相信政治不是这个问题的核心。说实话,SEC 似乎从未想过银行会想涉足加密货币领域,原本打算将这条规则仅适用于加密货币原生公司(也许是惩罚性的),现在他们想出了一种让传统银行摆脱困境的方法,既能挽回面子,又不会改变过去两年的态度。

说明: 比推所有文章只代表作者观点,不构成投资建议

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