浅析金融标准 ISO 20022,以及它将如何影响加密世界?

SupraOracles Publicado em 2022-06-06Última atualização em 2022-06-06

Resumo

ISO20022是用于金融机构间传达电子支付指令的全新通用语言,预计将于2030年成为全球标准。

ISO20022是用于金融机构间传达电子支付指令的全新通用语言,预计将于2030年成为全球标准。这个给传统集中化支付带来革新的标准是否会进一步影响加密市场的合规?

01

什么是ISO20022及其采用进程

ISO20022即《金融服务金融业通用报文方案》,是2004年由国际标准化组织制定并发布的国际标准。它是国际金融业务与IT技术紧密结合的产物,以可扩展标记语言(XML)技术为基础,提供了一种基于全球不同业务而建立的通用交易报文格式解决方案,实现了使用者通过单一标准与金融机构系统的“无缝”对接,促成了金融环境中跨产业协同运作的理想状态。

本质上,ISO20022更像是一个金融报文沟通的通用支付语言,确保各个金融机构之间的各类业务交换的大量信息可以被无障碍解读,对解释和理解信息的方式达成统一共识。

ISO20022标准的报文涉及支付、证券、贸易、外汇及衍生品、银行卡五大领域。全球已有70多个国家的支付清算系统使用该标准,包括欧洲的单一欧元支付区SEPA、澳大利亚新支付平台NPP和人民币跨境支付系统CIPS;其中欧盟的高价值跨境支付将于2022年11月首先过渡到ISO20022,美联储将在2023年11月之前实现完全过渡;日本的全银数据通信系统Zengin和香港金融管理局HKMA也将在未来几年逐步完成迁移。按照目前计划推进,ISO20022预计将于2030年被所有中央金融机构完全整合。这意味着ISO20022将成为近乎所有储备货币大额支付系统的标准,将覆盖全球80%的交易量和87%的交易额。

与此同时,全球银行使用的主要金融信息网络SWIFT(环球同业银行金融电信协会)也在不遗余力地推进ISO20022在全球范围内的采用,同时他们也在对全球用户实施标准的迁移计划。SWIFT的大部分格式将在2022年底采用ISO20022标准,并将在2025年完成转型并关闭传统基于ISO15022标准的格式。

02

ISO20022标准的优势

这场支付报文格式的大规模进化无疑会对银行国际结算业务带来深远的影响,它不仅会给客户带来支付体验上的变化,还会对银行后台处理等环节进行赋能,例如反洗钱和合规审查、国际收支申报等等。

相比较于传统的ISO15022标准,新标准整个方法论分为三层:顶层提供关键的业务流程和概念;中间层提供逻辑报文或报文模型;底层则用于处理语法。三个功能层相互协作,在准确性、自动化、互操作性等各方面都得到了提升,我们把这个新标准带来的优势总结归纳如下:

支持非拉丁字母,提高包容性

可以根据来自不同支付方式的数据组件对消息进行自动匹配

通用业务模型增加与其他标准的互操作性

多种用途,包括国内支付、跨境支付、大额支付、ACH和实时支付

提高数据质量和准确性,加快处理速度

易于与后端技术匹配,增加更多的自动化操作,降低人工低维护成本

提高合规审查,反洗钱等效率

这个新标准ISO20022带来的是集中式支付的革新,从以上优势也不难看出ISO20022与基于区块链分布式技术的加密支付有着异曲同工之妙。也就是说,当这种中心化的支付方式得到了质的改善后,基于分布式的加密货币很可能会迎来合规的挑战。在合规环境下,那些符合这类标准的加密货币很有可能会更快地被传统金融系统采用,而其他像比特币、ETH等大盘很有可能需要集成到SWIFT系统中以获得官方ISO编号。一些未来的合规措施也很有可能会从根本上改变加密货币和法定货币双向共存的状态。

03

加密世界中的合规案例

ISO20022和Ripple

说到加密世界的合规案例,不得不提Ripple了,它曾一度跃居美国金融科技公司榜第二。基于对加密监管方面的不懈追求,Ripple成为了目前最大的ISO20022标准加密货币,而其也是ISO20022标准机构成员,对标准的实施和开发方面拥有重要的发言权。

与比特币等相对较慢且主要用作价值存储的加密货币不同,Ripple是一种互联网交易协议,专为银行和其他主要金融机构间的即时结算而设计,它允许人们用任意一种货币进行支付,例如,甲方可以利用Ripple以美元支付,而乙方则可以通过Ripple直接收取人民币。

其主通证XRP的发行初衷是成为金融机构用来解决全球跨境支付的“中间桥接货币”,以构建更快、更低成本的全球支付网络。如果全球中央机构都采用ISO20022标准,XRP将可能从中受益,毕竟它是目前唯一兼容于中央支付领域的通证。然而另一方面,市场对XRP的相对中心化问题也时常诟病,XRP具体能否在合规路上再次先人一步我们也拭目以待。

除了Ripple之外,市场上还有些其他ISO20022标准合规通证,这里简要列举几个。

XinFin(XDC):XinFin是与以太坊虚拟机(EVM)兼容的委托权益证明区块链,旨在通过将公共和私有区块链与可互操作的智能合约相结合,充当企业的数字资产网络。XDC是XinFin的原生货币,每秒可处理2,000笔交易。

Quant(QNT):Quant协议与EVM兼容,旨在通过其Overledger互操作性网络解决比特币、以太坊和Ripple等之间的互操作性问题,计划通过一个全面的操作系统连接所有区块链。

Cardano(ADA):据传是合规的。Cardano是由以太坊联合创始人CharlesHoskinson创立的区块链,也是目前世界上较大的权益证明区块链。Cardano旨在解决首先出现在比特币中的规模化和基础设施问题,并且在可伸缩性,互操作性和可持续性等相关问题上都有所改进。

04

写在最后

本篇文章讨论的是基于ISO20022标准被采用大背景下的中立看法。毕竟很多人笃定加密是货币的未来,而从现实情况中,ISO20022标准的采用则与全球金融机构之间的通信未来息息相关。加密市场很可能会迎来合规之路,传统金融机构与以加密支付为主导的去中心化机构相结合成超级实体。也有可能,ISO20022标准的发展过于成功,加密支付这个解决方案的需求会被弱化。

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