数藏平台涉嫌非法集资构成要件小议

币界网Publicado em 2024-08-20Última atualização em 2024-08-20

币界网报道:

数藏行业作为近几年兴起的新鲜事物,因为其科技和金融属性一时间发展迅猛,高歌猛进中行业发展良莠不齐。近期多家数藏平台实控人或被采取强制措施,或被追诉判刑,罪名以涉嫌集资诈骗罪居多。 

根据《最高人民法院关于审理非法集资刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》:“第一条  违反国家金融管理法律规定,向社会公众(包括单位和个人)吸收资金的行为,同时具备下列四个条件的,除刑法另有规定的以外,应当认定为刑法第一百七十六条规定的“非法吸收公众存款或者变相吸收公众存款”:(一)未经有关部门依法许可或者借用合法经营的形式吸收资金;(二)通过网络、媒体、推介会、传单、手机信息等途径向社会公开宣传;(三)承诺在一定期限内以货币、实物、股权等方式还本付息或者给付回报;(四)向社会公众即社会不特定对象吸收资金。” “第二条  实施下列行为之一,符合本解释第一条第一款规定的条件的,应当依照刑法第一百七十六条的规定,以非法吸收公众存款罪定罪处罚:(四)不具有销售商品、提供服务的真实内容或者不以销售商品、提供服务为主要目的,以商品回购、寄存代售等方式非法吸收资金的;“第七条  以非法占有为目的,使用诈骗方法实施本解释第二条规定所列行为的,应当依照刑法第一百九十二条的规定,以集资诈骗罪定罪处罚。使用诈骗方法非法集资,具有下列情形之一的,可以认定为“以非法占有为目的”:(六)隐匿、销毁账目,或者搞假破产、假倒闭,逃避返还资金的;”

可见《解释》明确了非法吸收公众存款罪的四个构罪要件,即主体非法性、公开宣传性、向社会不特定对象吸收资金、承诺还本付息或给付回报。这“四性”特征共同构成了非法吸收公众存款罪的成立标准。 

1.非法性

《意见》第一点规定,人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关认定非法集资的“非法性”,应当以国家金融管理法律法规作为依据。对于国家金融管理法律法规仅作原则性规定的,可以根据法律规定的精神并参考中国人民银行、中国银行保险监督管理委员会、中国证券监督管理委员会等行政主管部门依照国家金融管理法律法规制定的部门规章或者国家有关金融管理的规定、办法、实施细则等规范性文件的规定予以认定。在该类案件中,办案部门一般通过审查平台是否办理过相关证照,是否进行过诸如区块链备案,是否开设过二级市场,数字藏品是否上链,数字藏品是否具有价值来判断该平台是否具有非法性。  

2.公开性和社会性

“公开性”是指行为人通过网络、媒体、推介会、传单、手机信息等途径向社会公开宣传进行融资活动。“社会性”是指行为人具有“向社会公众即社会不特定对象吸收资金”这一行为。在该类案件中,办案部门一般通过审查平台的的获客宣传方式,是否有借助互联网的形式诸如群聊、公众号等进行广告宣传,平台的投资者人数及平台流水金额来判断是否具有公开性和社会性。 

3.利诱性

“承诺在一定期限内以货币、实物、股权等方式还本付息或者给付回报” 。该利诱性应该是一种对投资者的虚假承诺,保本付息违背了投资经营者尽责、投资者自负的原则,是一种带有欺骗性质的承诺。在该类案件中,办案部门一般通过审查平台宣传过程中是否具有各种形式的保本承诺,诸如承诺在某一价位对藏品进行回购,或承诺用实物或者其他替代品进行返还;是否对投资者谎称只要投资达到一定流水会提前告知内幕消息或者优先回购等。

根据《解释》的规定,以下的形式可以认定为非法占有的目的:

  第七条  以非法占有为目的,使用诈骗方法实施本解释第二条规定所列行为的,应当依照刑法第一百九十二条的规定,以集资诈骗罪定罪处罚。使用诈骗方法非法集资,具有下列情形之一的,可以认定为“以非法占有为目的”:(一)集资后不用于生产经营活动或者用于生产经营活动与筹集资金规模明显不成比例,致使集资款不能返还的; (二)肆意挥霍集资款,致使集资款不能返还的;(三)携带集资款逃匿的;(四)将集资款用于违法犯罪活动的;(五)抽逃、转移资金、隐匿财产,逃避返还资金的;(六)隐匿、销毁账目,或者搞假破产、假倒闭,逃避返还资金的;(七)拒不交代资金去向,逃避返还资金的;(八)其他可以认定非法占有目的的情形。

在该类案件中,办案部门一般通过审查平台是否有隐匿、销毁账目,或者搞假破产、假倒闭,逃避返还资金的平台关闭携款逃匿的行为。值得一提的是实务中很多平台通过各种形式进行“软跑路”,如果该类行为产生让投资者损失无法弥补的相同法律效果的,一般也会被认为是具有非法占有目的的表现形式。此外,投资者者损失资金的去向也是办案部门审查的重点,平台的盈利模式是否来自投资者的损失往往成为判断平台是否是骗局的关键。

当平台具备前文所述的非法性、社会性和公开性、利诱性,同时在宣传手段上具有虚假承诺保本、虚假宣传数字藏品价值,利用虚假消息或者资金优势进行交易操盘,利用老鼠仓进行非法获利,并在获利后搞假破产、假倒闭或者“软跑路”的,则会涉嫌集资诈骗犯罪。

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