一个币圈创业者需要格外重视的罪名——非法利用信息网络罪(一)

币界网Publicado em 2024-08-09Última atualização em 2024-08-09

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说起帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪(以下简称帮信罪),可能很多人并不陌生,自2019年两高发布司法解释明确帮信罪的立案标准,以及2020年全国各地广泛开展“断卡”行动,推动了帮信罪的大规模适用,由此被大多数人所熟知。

但刑法287条其实规定了两个罪名,一个是帮信罪,一个是非法利用信息网络罪(以下简称非信罪)。关于非信罪,对于绝大多数人,甚至是对很多律师来说,都是比较陌生的罪名。

可能很多Web3创业者对于国内不能开交易所,不能发币,不能挖矿等常识性法律规定是知道的,但对于币圈相关资讯信息的发布、推广,一般认为不认为存在法律风险。

但是,通过本人既往承办的涉本罪的币圈刑事案件的经验总结,这么一个“小众”的罪名,Web3创业者一定要格外重视。

作者 | 邵诗巍律师

01

什么是非信罪

1、刑法中关于“非信罪”的规定

刑法287条之一关于非信罪有三款,第一款规定了非信罪的3种情形,该罪的行为模式可简要概括为两类:一类是设立网站、群组,一类是发布信息;

第二款规定了本罪有单位犯罪;第三款是有关择一重罪处理的规定。

刑法 第二百八十七条之一 非法利用信息网络罪

利用信息网络实施下列行为之一,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金:

(一)设立用于实施诈骗、传授犯罪方法、制作或者销售违禁物品、管制物品等违法犯罪活动的网站、通讯群组的;

(二)发布有关制作或者销售毒品、枪支、淫秽物品等违禁物品、管制物品或者其他违法犯罪信息的;

(三)为实施诈骗等违法犯罪活动发布信息的。

单位犯前款罪的,对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照第一款的规定处罚。

有前两款行为,同时构成其他犯罪的,依照处罚较重的规定定罪处罚。

但对于Web3创业者来说,如果仅看上述刑法法条可能还是对于非信罪没有任何概念,甚至会觉得,自己做的项目本身又不涉及违法犯罪,也没有实施诈骗,这个规定与我何干?这是因为,我国相关政策对于虚拟货币相关业务定性为“非法金融活动”,所以币圈项目的合法性与否,在币圈人和司法机关眼中会有完全不同的理解。

结合2021年十部委发布的《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》(924通知)中的相关条文,可以更深刻的理解,为什么Web3创业者需要格外重视这个罪名。

2、从九二四通知看哪些币圈业务模式涉嫌非信罪

条款一:

虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动。

开展法定货币与虚拟货币兑换业务、虚拟货币之间的兑换业务、作为中央对手方买卖虚拟货币、为虚拟货币交易提供信息中介和定价服务、代币发行融资以及虚拟货币衍生品交易等虚拟货币相关业务活动涉嫌非法发售代币票券、擅自公开发行证券、非法经营期货业务、非法集资等非法金融活动,一律严格禁止,坚决依法取缔。

对于开展相关非法金融活动构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

【邵律师解读】

虚拟货币“相关业务活动”属于非法金融活动——相关业务是指什么?政策规定的模糊性和宽泛性,给足了司法机关对于相关业务模式合法性与否的解释空间。

例如通知中的“信息中介和定价服务”,这通常指的是在虚拟货币交易过程中,某些平台或服务提供商为交易双方提供交易信息的发布、传递和价格确定等服务。这种服务可以包括但不限于展示虚拟货币的市场价格、交易量、市场趋势等信息,以及可能的交易撮合服务。

如果从狭义上理解,该条文应当是禁止国内从事虚拟货币场内交易业务,禁止中央对手方买卖虚拟货币,除了虚拟货币交易平台以外,例如某些微信群或电报群群主,作为两方交易的“信用担保”,收取服务费,这也相当于作为“中央对手方撮合交易”。

如果从广义上理解,如果某个项目或平台中并没有上述直接的撮合交易相关业务,但为各方提供了展示虚拟货币的市场价格、交易量、市场趋势等信息,为各方之间交易的促成、撮合起到了间接作用,该行为模式也有可能被司法机关理解为,项目或平台为虚拟货币交易提供了信息中介和定价服务。

实践中,司法机关会根据当事人的具体行为,结合刑法规定的非信罪情形,以当事人“发布违法犯罪信息”或“为实施诈骗等违法犯罪活动发布信息”为由,指控其涉嫌非信罪。

条款二:

境外虚拟货币交易所通过互联网向我国境内居民提供服务同样属于非法金融活动。对于相关境外虚拟货币交易所的境内工作人员,以及明知或应知其从事虚拟货币相关业务,仍为其提供营销宣传、支付结算、技术支持等服务的法人、非法人组织和自然人,依法追究有关责任。

【邵律师解读】

该条文规制的主体为以下3类:

  • 境外交易所的境内工作人员;

  • 境外交易所的境内服务商(如第三方技术外包、媒体公关、银行结算);

  • 明知或应知某主体从事虚拟货币相关业务(除交易所以外的业务),仍为其提供营销宣传、支付结算、技术支持等服务。

本条的前半句,是对为交易所服务的境内外主体所从事的行为做出列举,本条的后半句,实质是一个无限兜底的模糊规定,不允许对涉币类业务的主体提供营销宣传、支付结算、技术支持等服务

若从事了该条文所描述的行为,从司法机关的视角来看,会考虑应对行为人适用帮信罪还是非信罪更为合适,但从当事人视角来看,无论适用哪个罪名,差别并不大,因为这两个罪名的量刑都是最高三年。

但从辩护律师的视角来看,若公安机关最初以其他较重的罪名(如诈骗罪)立案侦查,律师介入了解案件事实之后,发现缺少无罪辩护空间,可以考虑提出以帮信罪或非信罪对案件定性,争取一个更好的辩护效果

今天先码字到这里,明天接着写。

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(本文写于内蒙古出差途中)

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