稳定币霸主之争

币界网Publicado em 2024-08-07Última atualização em 2024-08-07

币界网报道:

原文作者:Christian Catalini and Jane Wu

「推荐寄语:稳定币有潜力重塑全球金融体系,并将银行业与金融业置于新的数字竞争之下。稳定币之战,如同家庭视频领域的战争,胜负并非取决于技术优劣或既有地位,而是应用之争。尽管监管机构能使创新者竞争难度大增,却无法永远阻止其前进。最终,最可能的结局是多种稳定币隐入幕后,为世界带来成本更低、速度更快的支付服务。」

稳定币,作为一种新颖的可互操作且可编程的货币形式,有潜力重塑全球金融体系。通过这一过程,它们可能促使软件开始吞噬银行业和金融服务——这些领域在互联网的影响下相对未受触动。它们可能取代传统的支付和信用卡网络,如 SWIFT、Visa 和 Mastercard,加速金融机构的解绑,并扩大美元在受限严重国家(包括因制裁而受限的国家)的获取途径。

他们还承诺改变这些行业的权力平衡。控制稳定币市场的公司将对货币的未来产生重大影响。

鉴于这些高风险,我们正目睹稳定币发行商、知名数字钱包提供商和传统银行之间的竞争日益加剧,各方竞相确立其平台的主导地位。本文深入探讨了现有企业和挑战者的策略、监管机构将扮演的角色,并最终预测市场将如何演变。其结果不仅对金融机构意义重大,对任何依赖大规模资金流动的公司和数字平台亦是如此。

迈向货币操作系统?

平台战争,即未来愿景竞争者为争夺市场主导权而激烈较量的时刻,是商业领域中最为喧嚣动荡的篇章,淋漓尽致地展现了商业战略的优劣两面。

有些演变成了壕沟战,如同优步在其城市对城市的对抗中针对 Lyft 所部署的无尽小冲突和(有时颇具争议的)增长策略。又或如滴滴利用其主场优势挖走司机、搜集反情报,并借助监管机构的力量智胜优步。

其他则从标准制定组织内部的技术讨论悄然开始——如 HD-DVD 与蓝光之争——直到竞争者将价格压至谷底,以倾斜市场选择向己方时,才变得激烈。由于这些市场呈现赢家通吃的态势,CEO 们为了抢占先机,无所不用其极。

通常,实际技术的重要性远不如人们所认为的那样。尽管专家们不断争论每种解决方案的技术优势,但最终,胜出在于执行。一个经典但过时的例子是 80 年代 VHS 与 Betamax 的竞争,尽管资源较少且产品质量较低,JVC 还是击败了索尼。JVC 明白,拥有更多内容——即我们今天所说的“应用程序”——远比完美视频更为重要。

区块链世界亦是如此:比特币实验已逾十年,无数团队筹集了数十亿资金,试图取代比特币的有限设计。然而,比特币依旧屹立不倒,其网络效应和机构采纳程度均超越了其他选择。尽管工程师们对每秒交易量、能耗或可扩展性与去中心化的维度等指标念念不忘,世界却在不断前行。

平台战争的结局总是如出一辙:一种主导设计脱颖而出,所有人纷纷转向,冲突就此结束。败方唯有在全新的技术范式出现时才能重获机会:想想 Mac 与 PC 的较量,苹果仅在 iPhone 上得以翻盘;或是 Meta 积极布局 AR/VR,只因当前在移动端受制于 iOS 和 Android。

在区块链基础设施领域,比特币和以太坊已然成为主导设计,更多的活动将向它们汇聚(尽管有些人倾向于忽视这一事实)。

然而,尽管区块链之争可能已落下帷幕,稳定币主导权的争夺才刚刚开始。前者对开发者至关重要,而后者将决定我们的日常使用。原因很简单:稳定币是加密货币与传统金融之间的桥梁。没有稳定币,加密应用不得不应对波动性,而波动性使得金融合约成本高昂。

货币的过去与未来

监管机构似乎已认识到稳定币的相关性及其利害关系。没有稳定币,区块链就缺乏竞争力。然而,就目前的形式而言,稳定币对银行构成挑战,被用于规避资本和反洗钱监管,并可能引发或加速银行业危机。

硅谷银行遭遇的挤兑只是一个小型预演:由于 Circle 的 USDC 约有 8%的储备处于风险之中,它迅速脱钩并从陷入困境的银行撤资 30 亿美元。尽管通过合理的储备设计可以轻松规避此类风险,但这些风险是真实存在的。

回到 2019 年,当 Facebook 宣布 Libra——文章作者中的一位设计的项目——中央银行家们可能早已知晓,这种货币永远不会成为新的记账单位。欧元历经多年才得以确立,而且是在所有相关政府的自上而下的强制执行下。即便如此,Libra 对现状构成了可信的威胁,遭到了金融既得利益者的尖锐批评,有立法提案欲禁止它,监管机构也对其设障。到了 2022 年,该项目逐渐淡出。

但阻止 Libra 背后的联盟只是为现有机构争取了时间,局势再次升温。
现有金融机构正受到稳定币威胁,后者可能成为货币的新操作系统,对现有体系的影响犹如互联网对巴恩斯与诺布尔书店的冲击。因此,它们决心采取“拥抱、扩展、消灭”的策略。像摩根大通这样的金融巨头已开发出自家专有区块链,并在其上推出了可编程美元。尽管在 90 年代微软曾对网景公司采取类似策略,最终效果不佳,但金融服务领域有所不同。监管赋予了这些机构利用其分销网络和游说能力,减缓变革进程,同时构建反击机制的机会。这正是导致 Libra 项目夭折的原因,其他项目也可能很快遭遇同样命运。

上一次对金融体系进行严肃改革的尝试并未采用区块链技术。这是埃隆·马斯克最初版本的 X.com,在合并彼得·蒂尔的 PayPal 之前。马斯克超前于时代,希望打造一个通用的金融服务应用。蒂尔则更为务实,专注于确保与银行卡网络和银行的向后兼容性。这巩固了 PayPal 短期内的增长,但最终扼杀了其真正改变系统的机会。二十年后,银行卡网络已成为舒适的寡头垄断,银行业仍未受到互联网的触动。

改变还是现状?

稳定币为金融体系的改革提供了第二次机会。但它们能否实现这一目标,取决于稳定币领域的竞争态势——以及监管机构是否倾向于支持或抑制创新。通过严格限定设计选择,监管机构可能限制可行的商业模式,并仅允许银行进入市场。若此情况发生,技术中的竞争促进元素将再次丧失。尽管这可能让现有机构满意,但对消费者和企业而言,代价是高昂的。

无论稳定币竞争中监管干预的不确定性程度如何,最关键的问题在于,我们最终会由一两家全球领导者主导,还是众多商品化发行者并存。技术能够支撑任一结果,因此我们的落脚点将取决于各参与者的战略执行情况。

首批参赛者是加密原生团队 Tether 和 Circle。Tether 十年前推出了首个用于交易的稳定币,并以流通中的 1140 亿美元 USDT 主导市场。USDT 在离岸发行,尽管其储备也受到质疑,但其核心挑战在于能否转型为合规实体。尽管 Tether 多次声明及时响应执法请求,但联合国和摩根大通的报告对其合规性提出质疑,并指出还需更多努力。Tether 的竞争优势源自其规模、与做市商的整合,以及在无法持有美元的细分市场中拥有强大的产品市场契合度。最后一点也是 Tether 最大的隐患。

拥有 330 亿美元 USDC 的 Circle,是 Tether 最强劲的竞争对手。尽管 Circle 与 PayPal 一样,在相同的美国州级货币传输许可制度下运营,但联邦政府已明确表示,稳定币的管理应属于联邦事务范畴,因为相较于仅运营数字钱包,管理稳定币储备所涉及的风险更接近银行业务。因此,对于多年来一直寻求 IPO 的 Circle 而言,一个重大悬念在于它能否成功转型为联邦特许经营,尤其考虑到其并未对 USDC 持有者实施 KYC 规则。未来监管的不确定性,可能使 Circle 处于领先地位,也可能面临向银行转型的复杂局面。银行监管还将大幅限制 Circle 的收入来源,因为美联储正确地希望发行方能保持稳健且无趣。

对于 Tether 和 Circle 而言,我们认为策略很简单:在不丧失稳定币生态系统盈利能力的前提下,适应更严格的合规与消费者保护标准。这是一项微妙的平衡术,因为更严格的监管必将限制发行方创造和获取价值的方式。

在加密原生领域,成立于 2012 年旨在扩展区块链基础设施的 Paxos 因其独特策略而引人注目。Paxos 并未选择扩大自有稳定币规模,而是押注于一个拥有众多稳定币的世界。通过定位为稳定币基础设施提供商,Paxos 助力其他机构发行品牌稳定币,成效显著。当 PayPal 决定涉足加密领域时,便选择了与 Paxos 合作。尽管 PayPal 的 PYUSD 流通量仅 3.5 亿美元,但如果关注的是支付而非加密交易和去中心化金融(DeFi),市值并非恰当指标。对于希望与信用卡公司竞争的稳定币而言,总支付量(TPV)将是更佳衡量标准,而凭借现有商户业务,PayPal 在这方面有望迅速超越 USDC。

如果 Paxos 能与其他大型消费品牌合作,复制这一模式,而这些品牌又不愿成为受金融监管的企业,那么市场上将涌现大量稳定币。如同消费者选择航空、酒店连锁或零售商的品牌奖励信用卡一样,稳定币可能会逐渐淡出视线,转变为忠诚积分。星巴克在其应用中已持有超过 10 亿美元的顾客资金,不难想象沃尔玛或亚马逊也会加入这一行列。Target 极其成功的 RedCard 计划,只要有忠实顾客基础,任何人都能通过发行稳定币来复制,从而将收入从信用卡公司转移出去。

由于稳定币存在于开放网络中,它们将全部实现互操作。此外,若监管使其安全性趋同,一个关键的差异化维度将消失。消费者和企业将持有数字且可编程的美元,并将其感知为如今商业银行存款的类似物。这对 Tether 和 Circle 而言是末日场景,因为它们将在众多拥有分销优势的竞争者中难以凸显自身特色。

银行已经在幕后推动一个多稳定币共存的世界。这是他们所熟悉的现状,即不同银行的美元在消费者眼中被视为可互换,尽管这种互换性是由中央银行的清算机制赋予的。这种方式在某种程度上保留了银行的角色,不同于大型稳定币公司的崛起。通过将网络效应推回至美元而非单一稳定币,银行能够抵御比卡网络更强大的竞争对手的诞生。此外,这并不会妨碍摩根大通在机构用例中占据主导地位,或阻止美国银行在零售市场做同样的事情,从而保持原有的层级秩序。

尽管 Visa 和 Mastercard 通过发行自己的稳定币能保留更多的竞争优势,但这充满反垄断风险,并会损害它们与银行的关系。因此,多稳定币世界也是卡网络将拥抱的:它不改变它们的角色,它们可以像增加新货币一样添加稳定币。一个略高风险的策略是,卡公司与银行合作设计一种在它们之间分布储备的稳定币——但这可能过于雄心勃勃,类似于 Liba。

这使得大型科技公司成为不可预测的变数。事实上,它们都从 Libra 的教训中认识到,过于高调地进入金融服务领域并非明智之举。此举面临强烈的政治反对,与银行合作而非对抗才是更佳选择。此外,它们的核心业务也无法在联邦银行法律和监管框架下运作。最后,由于掌控着分销渠道,无论使用何种稳定币,它们都能利用其网络效应来获取价值,这一点无可阻挡。尽管如 Revolut 或 Nubank 这样的新银行可能比科技巨头有着更大的野心,但随着它们进一步侵入传统银行业务领域,也将面临业务范围的挑战。

那么,是否只有 Tether 和 Circle 这样的纯稳定币发行方才会推动赢家通吃的局面呢?毕竟,当前市场高度集中,网络效应似乎至关重要。稳定币的流动性至今在确保法币与加密货币之间低成本转换方面发挥了重要作用,随着主流采用的增加,这一重要性只会日益凸显。

但现实是,现有地位并不自动转化为非加密货币应用场景,随着银行获准进入,传统分销渠道的重要性将日益凸显。因此,尽管 Tether 和 Circle 在加密时代占据主导地位,但要从这一小众、无监管的市场跃升至服务亿万消费者和企业的层面,本质上是一场截然不同的较量。

尽管如此,像 Coinbase 和 Binance 这样的领先加密货币交易所也可能作为纯发行方进入市场并扩大规模,它们拥有用户基础、技术人才和监管经验来参与竞争。两家公司均已构建了支付和金融应用网络(分别为 Base 和 BSC),随着发展,它们将不得不变得更加类似传统银行,并且对相关技术有着深入了解——可能比 Circle 或 Tether 更为精通。

颠覆者招募中

稳定币之战,如同家庭视频领域的竞争,并非由更先进的技术或现有地位所决定,而是取决于应用场景。尽管监管机构能使创新者难以竞争,但他们无法永远阻止这一进程。最终,最有可能的结果是多种稳定币退居幕后,为全球提供成本更低、速度更快的支付服务。这对消费者和企业都是一种胜利,尽管对现有的稳定币发行者而言可能并非如此——它们可能会被银行收购。

当这种情况发生时,这并不会结束对我们数字钱包控制权的争夺。同样的公司仍将激烈竞争,争取拥有“支付方式”的主导权。信用卡公司将竭力保留使用 Visa 或 Mastercard 的支付流程,这对银行来说或许无碍。因此,将由领先的数字银行和加密货币交易所尝试真正创新之举,它们或许才是真正能改变游戏规则的成功者。

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1996 or 1999? Walsh's First Test is 'How to View AI'

"1996 or 1999? Wall's First Big Test Is 'How to View AI'" Federal Reserve Chairman Wall's initial challenge is not whether to raise or cut rates, but a more fundamental judgment: what kind of boom is the current AI boom? This will determine the Fed's policy path and define his legacy. Economics is split between two opposing views, according to reporter Nick Timiraos. One sees imminent productivity gains that will increase supply and cool inflation, allowing the Fed to hold steady. The other argues that while productivity benefits are distant, demand shocks are here now, and waiting for data confirmation risks missing the intervention window, forcing sharper rate hikes later. Wall has signaled a leaning toward the first view, echoing 1996-era Alan Greenspan, who embraced strong, productivity-driven growth without fear of inflation. However, Wall faces a different macro environment than Greenspan did, with tariff pressures, expanding fiscal deficits, and diminishing globalization benefits, which could force more significant inflation pressures even if AI benefits materialize. Wall's logic, expressed before taking office, is that AI-driven productivity gains won't show in official data for years. If the Fed waits for confirmation, it might mistakenly tighten policy and choke off the very growth that could suppress inflation. This argues for using forward-looking narratives over lagging data. Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee presents a key counter-argument. He distinguishes between expected and unexpected productivity booms. A widely anticipated boom, like the current AI wave, can cause people to spend future wealth gains in advance, overheating the economy before productivity actually rises, thus requiring preemptive rate hikes. He cites rising costs for AI data centers as evidence of such overheating. Fed Governor Christopher Waller offers a rebuttal to Goolsbee, noting the "expected spending" mechanism only works if people can borrow against future income, which many households cannot do due to borrowing constraints. Wall also faces a paradox related to his desire to reduce the Fed's use of "forward guidance" (pre-announcing policy moves). This practice was established in 1999 when Greenspan began signaling hikes to avoid market shocks. If the economy follows a less optimistic path, Wall may be forced to choose between using the guidance he wants to abolish or risking market volatility by staying silent. The ultimate question defining Wall's first major test remains: Is this 1996 or 1999?

marsbitHá 12h

1996 or 1999? Walsh's First Test is 'How to View AI'

marsbitHá 12h

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