论当下加密虚无主义 伪需求解决不了真问题

币界网Publicado em 2024-08-05Última atualização em 2024-08-05

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作者:唐晗,SeeDAO 发起人

最近一段时间,加密虚无主义在圈内盛行。但这丝毫不令人感到奇怪。对于一些经验较深的从业者来说,早在去年甚至前年,就已经对目前的行业路径疑虑重重。

在我看来,导致当下加密虚无主义的最大原因,在于资金和建设者大量涌入一堆人为构想的伪需求。这种伪需求带来不了真用户,解决不了真问题,反而引发了越来越多更小的伪问题,并令资金和人在被拆分的伪问题中奔波。因为问题本来就是人为构建的,所以结果自然是虚无的。就像人虚构了一个敌人,搞了半天是自己在打自己。这种游戏是持续不下去的。

我不想把这股潮流归结于以太坊生态,这样说并不公平。毕竟,Dapp 的潮流曾经在 EOS、波卡、SOL(在这一轮是 SOL)等许多公链流行。GameFi 和 Meme 也不是 Vitalik 主推的设计。然而,时至如今,由概念制造者、VC、关系户项目方、交易所、做市商和广告公司合谋的这场金融游戏,已令越来越多的人心生厌恶并感到迷茫。它不解决真问题,资金利用率低下(纳斯达克的钱至少真的会有一定比例用于建设世界),不能用于改变世界,于是堕落成了更恶劣的华尔街版本。人们互不信任,视梦想为金融收割的托词,缺乏激情,愈发无趣。这与最开始人们怀揣变革之心进入加密世界的初衷背道而驰。

回顾历史,有三点是值得反思的:

清理现有的金融体系

从 ICO 到 VC 掌控的加密金融市场值得反思。2017 年 -2018 年,人们对人人都能发币的 ICO 乱象忍无可忍,于是将对市场标的的鉴别权转移到 VC(尤其是背景看上去光鲜亮丽的西方 VC)手中。但走过一轮周期我们发现,VC 并没有给行业带来更好的秩序。他们制造了长达数年的解锁期和天价估值项目,并与交易所、做市商、广告公司合谋,让散户接盘。在这一轮牛市中,人们显然已经不如 2019 年信任 a16z 那样信任场内的这些 VC 了。

由于市场越来越虚无,且回报率得不到保障,一些 VC 甚至开始向项目方反向「追钱」。对那些想要融资的新项目方,向 VC 募资显然也不是一个好主意。回看这一轮牛市,成功的项目大多是 Meme 币,他们绕开了 VC 币模式,依靠社区,筹码全流通。SOL 上出现过一波向 Meme 币博主推特留言打钱的浪潮,这其实更像不依靠智能合约的 ICO。

从 ICO 到 VC,再从 VC 到 ICO,这股浪潮的回归值得注意。如果说场内人士看穿了 VC 的真面目,对 VC 丧失信心感到虚无,那我觉得反而是一件好事。这个行业并不是从 VC 起家的,币安最开始也不是美国政府开的。起初,币圈的人抗拒由硅谷精英和华尔街主导的那种金融秩序。但那时的币圈人太幼稚且缺乏经验,在 ICO 的乱象下快速交出了市场主导权。如今,全球头部的中心化交易所都在接受美国政府的整改和收编,华尔街控制着比特币的筹码,加密货币市场变得更像美股甚至是上证也是意料之中。

但我敢说,加密货币的金融创新不会因为美国政府收编币安而停止。不仅不会停止,当人们的观念完全翻转过来,还会开启更大的创新。反抗 - 收编 - 再反抗的戏码将继续上演。因为反感由 VC 和华尔街主导的金融秩序(控制牌照、制造概念、媒体合谋、做市商割韭菜,且有国家让他们大而不倒),才是为什么会有区块链的原因。我们如今的虚无和反感,标志着我们还是和从前那样,反感那些我们本来就反感只是中途抱有幻想的东西而已。

清理语词和概念

不要无限放大区块链,为其制造概念,让人们对区块链有不切实际的预期。如今我们所背负的苦果,其实是自己制造给自己的。我们先是树立了「去中心化」这个意识形态,然后基于该意识形态制造了 Dapp 这个词语,试图把应用的计算搬到链上;接着发现链上的计算资源不够,就开始对链扩容,引发了许许多多的扩容方案以及 L2 方案。我们还发明了「Web3」这个词语,而这个词语的含义之模糊令人发指,直到现在也没人说得清楚这个词语究竟指的是什么。它有时被用来指代区块链行业,有时候和波卡的 Web3 基金会相关,有时候又和 Web1、Web2 在进行比较,说什么「Web1 是可读,Web2 是可写,Web3 是可拥有」。然而,在实践中 Web3 又常常和 Dapp 联系在一起,即将应用的计算搬到链上。

语词的混乱往往是虚无主义的征兆,它让人们搞不清楚自己究竟在为何而战。到最后,我们发现自己是在为一套「将网络应用的计算去中心化」的技术栈而战,它的核心意识是「去中心化」,但即便是这个去中心化也没人说得清楚它的真实含义。如果要是「勇气」「爱」「自由」,我们倒是能好好谈谈。可是我们怎样谈论「去中心化」?「爱」或许可以被视为一种目的,但「去中心化」听上去更像是没有抵达终点的手段,何以也被作为意识形态的目的也被高举起来?

如果我们的目标是一套「将网络应用的计算去中心化」的技术栈,那就应该诉诸技术讨论,讨论其可行性和技术上的优劣以及我们所要付出的代价。如果不能指出这套「将网络应用的计算去中心化」的技术栈的终极目标,和它与这个终极目标之间的关系,那我们的行为难免要违背我们的头脑,并为此感到沮丧。在无法论述清楚这些事情的时候,就通过市场营销手段来造词,甚至将它放大到 Web3 这样宏大的涉及到整个互联网变革的地步,与 VC 合谋推波助澜,最后的结果就是今天这样:人们相信过,但人们已经不信了。

语词一旦被创造就很难被清理。在这一点上,我更加佩服中本聪。作为比特币的创始人,他了解技术,也有自己的立场,并从不在这些事情上含糊不清。在意识形态上,他选择将「英国政府救助」刻进比特币的创世区块,也选择一辈子不露面,彻底匿名。立场坚定,言行一致,不打太极,这是一个作为政治领袖的美德。在技术上,他不提「去中心化」,而直接说 P2P。不用模糊的意识形态绑架技术栈,不让那些不懂技术的人浪漫化其实没有可行性的技术路线以引发更多的谬误,直接叫出他要的技术栈的名字,这是作为一个技术领袖的美德。

清理真正的问题

清理现有的金融体系和语词体系,只是帮我们抽丝剥茧,排除那些被强加在区块链上的预期和利益结构。现在,是时候面对真正的问题了。

要清理真正的问题,我有一个个人立场,那就是回归比特币,而不是回归以太坊。这不仅是因为比特币在市值上远高于以太坊,也是中本聪在技术栈有更强的革命性,对未来世界有更成熟的预见性。实际上,当我们把以太坊生态与 VC 合谋的多少「无效语词」删除后,最后得到的就是一个「将网络应用的计算去中心化」的技术栈。而比特币指向的是一套 P2P 技术栈。前者的倾向是把东西尽可能得放在区块链上,即无限扩大区块链的使用场景,后者则是保持克制,只将该放的东西放在链上,同时和 P2P(如今我们更多称为 DWeb)技术圈结合去构建新的网络。

在我看来,比特币所指向的 P2P 技术栈才可真正被称为 Web3——如果我们还想保留 Web3 这个词的话。把所有应用的计算全部放在链上不仅是难以实现的、浪费资源的,而且是愚蠢的。这个想法就像是问题之源,不断制造更多的问题;最致命的是,它带不来真正的用户。用户的诉求是货币自由、市场自由、内容自由、社交自由、结社自由,而不是去中心化。去中心化只是一个手段。去中心化只有在能很好地服务于我们的真实目的才是有意义的。

一个真正的问题:比特币

即便这样讲,也会有人觉得太虚了。他们会问:你何不直接说一个你觉得是真正问题的问题呢?除了比特币(数字黄金,可能被纳入美联储的资产负债表)和稳定币(日常的支付手段,目前已经可以看到大量的使用案例)以外,还有什么是真正的问题?还有什么有存在的必要?比特币的市值占比越来越高,是不是整个加密货币市场只有它一个就好了?

那么,眼下就有一个真正的问题,那就是比特币的经济机制问题,使得比特币不能单独存在。非但比特币不能单独存在,还必须围绕着比特币形成一个庞大的生态。在我眼中,目前只有这个问题不是伪命题。

这是因为,比特币之所以是数字黄金,就是因为它在数量上写死了为 2100 万枚。这构成了一个基本信念。动摇这个数字会动摇这条基本信念。同时,比特币每 4 年减半。如果把比特币作为一个国家来分析的话,这个国家的军费开支相对于这个国家的 GDP 来说每四年减半。经过前 4 次的减半后,这个比例接下来可能会进展到一个令人感到担忧的数字了。

比特币所承载的社会共识越来越大,但用于保护它的相对费用却越来越少,从长远看必然不可持续。(比特币的币价不能无限上涨,但矿工能挖出来的比特币却会无限减少。)中本聪在写比特币白皮书时,暗含了一个强假设,即如果不考虑增发比特币,则未来比特币需要变成一条强交易的链条,以手续费来补贴矿工,维护网络安全。从前,人们将这条假设视为一个不可修复的缺陷。如今,随着比特币本身的代码迭代,我们却可以从该缺陷中看到这样一种结构:一个比特币主链和一个庞大的比特币生态相互配合,在不动摇修改比特币数量上限的根本的情况下,为比特币提供长久的安全之计。

这条假设不会自动实现,它只能靠后人的努力来实现。如果当下有什么值得创业者来做,这件事就值得我们来做。因为它困难,而且它值得。最重要的是,这不是由某个哲人王指定的官方课题,也不是由某个国家政府发放的牌照,更不是某个 VC 或交易所老板的个人偏好。这个问题就在这里。它公平地存在在这里,以数字的确定性向每个人敞开着。整个行业都得面对它,甚至在未来,每一个把比特币纳入央行负债表的国家政府都将面对它。

让我们打起精神来真正做一些事情吧。

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