Vitalik、特朗普都转发的加密预测市场平台 Polymarket,面临哪些监管问题?

深潮Publicado em 2024-07-23Última atualização em 2024-07-23

加密预测平台存在的监管挑战及伦理问题,导致此类平台的合规性发展面临着严峻的挑战。

撰文:邵诗巍

2024 年 6 月 28 日,拜登和特朗普首场大选电视辩论引发全球关注。同期,在 V 神强推的全球知名加密预测市场平台 Polymarket 上,美国大选预测的参与度也随之高涨。6 月份平台数据显示,特朗普赢得大选的概率为 62%,拜登的获胜概率为 23%。

就在前两天,当地时间 7 月 13 日,特朗普在宾夕法尼亚州巴特勒市举行的竞选集会现场发生枪击事件。一名 20 岁的男子用一支 AR 式步枪发射了多达八发子弹,其中一发擦着特朗普的耳边而过。躲过暗杀的特朗普因本次事件胜选概率在 Polymarket 上升至 71%。

作为一个善于玩弄社交媒体的政治人物,早前,特朗普就已经连续几次在其创办的媒体 Truth Social 上转发了他在 Polymarket 上的赔率,这不仅为他自己做了形象管理,更为该平台带来了很大的曝光。

不过,这类加密预测市场平台合规吗?这个问题有待商榷。

加密预测市场是什么?

加密预测市场是一种去中心化的 DeFi 协议,任何人都可以在满足特定条件时在智能合约上交易事件的结果,简单来说就是允许用户使用稳定币押注各种真实世界事件的结果,如果预测正确,用户将获得收益;如果预测错误,则会失去押注的金额。

首个基于区块链的去中心化预测市场是 2018 年在以太坊上推出的 Augur,以太坊创始人 Vitalik Buterin 是其开发公司的顾问。或许,这也是 V 神近期强推预测平台的原因之一?

目前,Polymarket 是目前全球最大的预测市场平台之一,尤其平台上发起的「2024 年总统选举获胜者」的赌注,投注期于 2024 年 11 月 5 日结束。要说这个平台火到什么程度呢?截至 7 月 16 日,已经有近 2.61 亿美元押注在预测美国大选这件事上。

当然,当前预测市场上还有其他主要平台,包括 Gnosis、Azuro、Hedgehog、PlotX、SX 等。可以说,用户选择非常之多。

加密预测平台的运作原理

这类平台最主要的玩法是二元预测市场,即用户在平台上押注,来进行预测。

以预测谁将赢得 2024 年美国总统选举为例,如果认为特朗普获胜的概率大于 71%,那么用户就以每份 71 美分的价格购买「Yes」的份额。如果特朗普真的当选美国总统,那么每份「是」的份额将价值 1 美元。每份的利润为 29 美分。相对应的,任何持有「否」的份额的用户,将会亏损手中全部的份额。

从本质上看,加密预测市场平台提供的是一个二元期权类产品,用户对于所预测事件的结果有「是」或「否」两个选项,这个选项就是用户获得的期权产品。

加密预测市场平台的合规性评析

或许有的人会有疑惑,这不就和博彩平台很像?只不过博彩的玩法更多。其实,全球大部分各国及地区对于二元期权类产品并没有做明确定义,只是在监管态度上均表现得非常严格与审慎。

1、各国的监管态度

美国

场外二元期权完全禁止,目前仅有两家受监管的交易所可以提供二元期权交易:NADEX 及 Cantor。

2022 年,美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)指控 Polymarket 未能获得商品交易法(CEA)中指定合约市场(DCM)和掉期执行工具(SEF)的注册,而被提起诉讼,平台支付了 140 万美元罚款,并承诺减少在美国的服务。

英国

此前,英国政府曾将二元期权定位为博彩性质,并由博彩委员会进行监管。然而,这一做法并没有为二元期权提供有效的监管和投资者保护。2015 年,英国政府开始商议将二元期权的监管权从博彩委员会转移到 FCA,这一变化将使二元期权被正式归类为金融工具,而非博彩产品。

中国

在我国,二元期权并非合法的金融产品。最高人民法院公布的第 146 号指导性案例「陈庆豪等涉嫌开设赌场案」明确将经营二元期权网站定性为开设赌场。法院认为,被告人以「二元期权」交易的名义,在法定期货交易场所之外利用互联网招揽「投资者」,以未来某段时间外汇品种的价格走势为交易对象,按照「买涨」「买跌」确定盈亏,买对涨跌方向的「投资者」得利,买错的本金归网站(庄家)所有,盈亏结果不与价格实际涨跌幅度挂钩的,本质是「押大小、赌输赢」,是披着期权交易外衣的赌博行为。对相关网站应当认定为赌博网站。

2、隐含的伦理问题

除监管层面外,预测市场也会涉及到伦理层面的问题。比如,预测市场中开放的预测问题在此前也引发过用户的争议,例如,此前 X 平台某用户问到,「为他人的死亡下注属于资本主义的哪个阶段」,并发布了一张预测平台上赔率的截图,引发了大量用户对该平台的批判。

并且,预测市场中可能存在市场操纵的风险,有资源的参与者可能通过大量资金投入来影响市场预测结果,从而损害其他参与者的利益。

同时,预测市场可能促进了对事件结果的投机性预测,这有时可能与实际情况不符,从而助长了错误信息的传播,尤其在重大社会事件(如疫情)中,错误的预测结果可能会误导公众,进而影响社会稳定。

结语

加密预测市场作为基于区块链的预测市场,智能合约保证了公平性、透明度和奖励的自动分配。相较于传统的线上预测平台可能存在的暗箱操作,用户的体验感会更好。并且,因为用户需要真金白银的投入进行预测,使得此类预测可能比起问卷调查、专家论证等要准确很多。但正如前文所述,加密预测平台存在的监管挑战及伦理问题,导致此类平台的合规性发展面临着严峻的挑战。

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