The collapse of supposed stablecoin TerraUSD last May wiped out more than $40 billion of market value held by investors who bought into the story that creator Do Hyeong Kwon and his firm Terraform Labs had found a novel way to create a perpetual money machine.
Yesterday's charge sheet filed in court by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was the first detailed look at what went wrong. The allegations presented a very different picture from the one 31-year-old Kwon and his partners painted to investors and the world's media.
Here is a breakdown of some of the key findings:
Unstable stablecoin
Terraform and Kwon misled investors about the stability of TerraUSD (also known as UST). The token was pitched as an algorithmic stablecoin that used complicated math to ensure a 1:1 peg against the U.S. dollar.
The token slipped off its peg in May 2021, prompting panic among users. Had the peg not been quickly restored, it ''would spell doom for the entire Terraform ecosystem,'' the SEC wrote.
Kwon ''secretly'' turned to a third party, unidentified in the charge sheet but reported by The Block to be Jump Trading, for help. Jump purchased ''massive amounts'' of UST to restore the peg. That effort was touted publicly as a triumph of UST's decentralization and automatic self-healing capabilities, and investors poured billions of dollars more into the product. Jump ultimately profited by about $1.3 billion from its relationship with Terraform, the SEC filing indicated.
Fake business relationships
To drum up excitement in the power of the Terraform blockchain, Kwon and his team claimed a Korean payments company called Chai was using it to settle millions of transactions. That was a complete fabrication, the SEC alleged.
Chai Corporation was founded by Daniel Shin Hyun-seung, who was also a founder of Terraform. Kwon sat on Chai's board, and the two firms shared office space and personnel. Chai and Shin are being investigated by Korean authorities, Forkast News reported in November, quoting a Chai spokesperson saying that “Daniel will fully cooperate with the ongoing investigation to clarify the misunderstandings and to resolve such speculations.”
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Terraform and Kwon made ''false and misleading statements'' about Chai's involvement as part of efforts to solicit investments, and also in Kwon's public interviews, the SEC said. This included a slide deck presentation to a U.S. institutional investor touting the speed and efficiency of Chai in using the Terraform blockchain.
To trick people watching the Terraform blockchain for evidence of the Chai transactions, Kwon's team programmed a server to receive and process data about Chai real world transactions with Korean merchants, and then issue instructions to the Terraform blockchain to replicate those transactions as if they had originally been done on that blockchain, the SEC wrote.
Unregistered securities
Another line of attack is that UST and other tokens associated to Terraform were unregistered securities, the watchdog alleges. These included so-called wrapped tokens created when moving between blockchains, and also mirror tokens designed to replicate price movements of listed equities.
Terraform breached U.S. securities rules by not registering these various products, the SEC said.
Specifically, the agency said five assets were “crypto asset securities” — LUNA tokens, a version of LUNA called “wrapped” LUNA, UST, MIR tokens, and security-based swaps or mAssets. The SEC went through the assets in the complaint, relating it to different prongs of the Howey Test, a 1946 U.S. Supreme Court case involving citrus groves in Florida. That test has been used repeatedly by the agency to determine whether cryptocurrencies are securities.
This complaint may become the most closely watched part of any trial, as the crypto industry is highly sensitive to any claim by the SEC that tokens are securities. In other crypto cases brought by the SEC, such as the insider trading suit against former Coinbase manager Ishan Wahi, industry associations have interjected to argue that the SEC does not have authority as tokens are not securities.
Secret stash
Kwon has a secret stash of more than 10,000 bitcoin, investigators alleged. The bitcoin was transferred by Kwon from Terraform and related entities to a self custody wallet. Since May 2022 when UST tanked, bitcoin from the wallet was transferred to an unnamed Swiss bank and converted into fiat. Since June last year more than $100 million in fiat currency was withdrawn from the bank.
Bringing Kwon to trial might be a tricky process as his exact location remains unknown. He has reportedly been spotted in Serbia, and South Korean prosecutors recently visited the country to discuss his case with local officials, Bloomberg wrote last week. His South Korean passport has been revoked and his name added to an Interpol wanted list.
Unknown Location
Kwon has been somewhat active on Twitter, although he's remained secretive about his location in interviews with journalists. He made a memorable appearance on the UpOnly podcast in November where he got told by ex-con 'Pharma Bro' Martin Shkreli that jail wasn't too bad.
Do Kwon did not reply to a request for comment.
