都 2024 年了,NFT 数字藏品创业还能搞吗?

深潮Published on 2024-09-09Last updated on 2024-09-09

合规项目仍有较大市场空间。

撰文:刘红林律师,曼昆律师事务所

前两天,两位在国内 NFT 数字藏品行业摸爬滚打了多年的资深从业者来曼昆律所交流,他们分享了他们过去两三年在这个行业经历的各种神奇故事,也讨论了很多平台方和创业者关心的问题,不少话题能够代表想在 NFT 领域创业的朋友面对行业监管现状的困惑。

本着行业正向建设的想法,在脱敏的前提下,曼昆律所将刘红林律师和两位朋友交流的内容整理成文字,希望能给到相关领域的创业者提供一点思路或启发。

国内 NFT 行业的现状与政策

首先,大家普遍会担心,现阶段国家到底允不允许做 NFT 数字藏品?

很多创业者担心自己投入的项目会不会被直接认定为违法,甚至面临刑事风险。但红林律师的观点是:从法律角度来看,国家并没有明确禁止 NFT 数字藏品。无论是两年前还是 2024 年的今天,国家并没有出台任何政策来限制 NFT 数字藏品的开发和销售,也没有任何文件否定其市场价值。

相反,一些地方政府还有相关的扶持政策出台。就拿上海来说,近两个月关于区块链企业的支持政策已经陆续发布。这说明,部分打着 NFT 名义的玩法虽然在国内监管上敏感,但并代表没有商业上的生存空间。跟产业结合、跟数字经济集合的商业化尝试反而是政策有些鼓励倾向。当然,创业者需要注意的是,NFT 领域毕竟还处在一个较为早期的阶段,监管的缺位并不意味着没有风险。

NFT 与数字电商的关系

从红林律师的个人角度,我是建议创业者把 NFT 数字藏品视为新一代的数字电商。

相比直接讲去中心化、资产真正属于用户,将 NFT 与虚拟货币相提并论,多少会有点抽象。对于普罗大众、对于消费者,将其理解为虚拟商品更为合理。比如,你购买一件 NFT 数字藏品,无论他的内容本身是数字艺术品或者虚拟纪念品,和你在线上购买一套 QQ 皮肤、虚拟道具,本质上没有区别。它们都是通过数字平台进行的虚拟商品交易。

有朋友会说中国 NFT 数字藏品行业立法不完善,期望后续能有专门的立法来规范。我说这个也没必要,原因很简单,现阶段的法律规范其实很齐全,目前这个行业遇上的所有问题,要么是在《民法典》里有规定,要么是在《刑法》里头有说法,监管部门也不至于会特别针对 NFT 这一技术进行专门的立法操作,法律的核心关注点还是这些产品的交易和消费行为。正如你买游戏皮肤不会遇到特殊的法律问题,购买 NFT 也是一样的逻辑。作为创业者,应该把 NFT 视为互联网电商的一部分,而不是单独出来的特殊赛道。只要运营上严格遵守电商平台的标准规范,比如消费者权益保护、广告合规等,就能大大降低法律风险。

法律纠纷的趋势:民事纠纷增多

近年来,围绕 NFT 的纠纷确实有所增加,尤其是侵权、消费合同纠纷的案例越来越多。以前我们谈到的是平台跑路、消费欺诈的情况,但随着越来越多的 NFT 企业相关诉讼案件的曝光,你会发现消费者权益保护逐渐成为焦点。这其实从侧面证明了,NFT 正在被当作一种常规的虚拟财产对待,法律环境在逐步规范化。

不过创业者也要意识到,由于 NFT 的虚拟性,确实更容易出现一些问题。比如某些平台利用 NFT 的虚拟属性进行不正当营销、侵权行为等。为了避免这些法律纠纷,企业必须在运营过程中加强合规建设,特别是对平台交易透明度、资金安全和用户数据保护的严格把控。

「一元购」、大逃杀模式的法律风险

在行业内,此前有阶段很流行的几种玩法如「一元购」或「大逃杀」,从我们的角度看,这是典型的高风险商业模式。这些玩法并非天然违法,但确实容易踩到一些法律红线。

很多平台通过一元购的方式,让用户以极低的价格去抽取高价值的 NFT 藏品。特别是当平台涉及法币和虚拟财产的双向兑换时,风险会大大增加。比如,用户通过法币购买平台的筹码,再用这些筹码去抽取 NFT 藏品,后续再通过官方或者合作的第三方帮用户完成出金兑换,如果平台运营不当,很容易涉嫌开设赌场的刑事法律风险。因此,我建议在采用这些模式时,务必要从法律合规角度评估风险,避免因一时疏忽而陷入法律困境。

选择公司注册地点的重要性

对于现在的 NFT 数字藏品创业者来说,选择公司的注册地点至关重要。我们能看到,过去很多公司选择将公司注册在海南、成都等地,利用这些地区的政策红利。然而,随着一些地方政策的逐渐收紧,不少企业选择迁移。相反,像上海、深圳、杭州这样的城市,由于互联网企业的密集聚集和执法部门对新技术的相对理解,当地的政策和执法环境更适合 NFT 企业的落地发展。

比如,上海的区块链政策不仅开放,而且本地法院对区块链技术的理解程度较高,有利于创业者解决法律纠纷。这种城市选择的差异,决定了创业者在经营过程中会有不同的法律环境和政策支持。因此,选择一个合适的注册地点,既能帮助公司规避政策变化的风险,也有利于企业获得更好的发展机会。

此外,与地方监管部门保持良好关系,避免引起不必要的负面社会影响,也是创业者必须重视的一点。我们看到很多公司虽然在网络上争议较大,但并没有因此遭到行政处罚或其他不利的法律后果。这往往是因为这些公司能够及时与监管部门沟通,在用户投诉时迅速做出反应,通过协商或和解解决问题,帮助监管部门减轻不必要的负担。与监管部门保持良好的互动非常重要。这不仅有助于企业的长远发展,也能够有效降低法律风险。对于创业者来说,这是一项长期战略,要在业务开展过程中始终保持合规意识,避免触碰监管红线。

曼昆律师总结

NFT 创业者在当前的政策和法律环境下并非毫无机会,实际上,只要注意合规,仍然有较大的市场空间。重要的是,不要被眼前的市场浮躁所迷惑,尤其是在操作平台模式时,要有明确的法律防控意识。

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