如何监管DAO?

老雅痞Publicado a 2022-10-23Actualizado a 2022-10-23

Resumen

加密货币的狂热者认为,DAO将允许他们信任安全的计算机代码,这将准确地完成他们想要做的事情,而不是可能失败或欺骗的易变的人类。人类仍然可以有投入,但要遵守自我运行软件中的规则。真的是这样吗?

8月,美国财政部外国资产管制处(OFAC)制裁了加密货币平台Tornado Cash,这是一个虚拟货币 “混币器”,旨在使追踪加密货币交易更加困难,而且是全世界最受欢迎的洗钱平台。美国人现在被禁止使用它。根据美国政府的说法,龙卷风现金被制裁是因为它据称清洗了超过70亿美元的加密货币,其中4.55亿美元被一个朝鲜国家支持的黑客组织盗取。

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龙卷风现金公司不是一个由人经营的传统公司,而是一系列的 “智能合约”:只作为软件存在的自我执行代码。批评者认为,禁止美国人使用龙卷风现金是对言论自由的限制,他们指出,20世纪90年代的法院裁决确定了计算机语言是语言的一种形式,而软件程序是言论的一种形式。他们还提出,财政部有权只制裁人类而不制裁软件。

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我们认为,理解监管龙卷风现金和其他去中心化自治组织(DAO)所涉及的言论问题最有用的方法是通过一个比喻:格莱姆。犹太人的格莱姆传说有很多版本,但在大多数版本中,当有人在其额头上用希伯来语写下 “真理”一词后,一个像人一样的粘土雕像就活了过来,并最终开始做可怕的事情。只有当拉比擦掉其中一个字母,把 “真理”变成希伯来语的 “死亡”时,泥像才会停下来,泥像也就不再发挥作用。

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DAO和格莱姆之间的类比相当精确,对言论自由和代码之间的关系有重要影响。最终,正如格莱姆需要拉比的干预才能停止对世界的破坏一样,DAO也需要接受监管。

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代码和言论自由的等同性在20世纪90年代的第一次 “加密战争”中被确立,那是关于密码学而不是加密货币。美国机构试图利用出口管制法来阻止复杂的密码学软件出口到美国之外。活动家和律师巧妙地展示了代码如何转化为言论,反之亦然,将一个加密产品的源代码变成一本印刷书,让美国当局不敢阻止其出口。1996年,美国地区法官Marilyn Hall Patel裁定,计算机代码是一种语言,就像德语或法语一样,编码程序应受到第一修正案的保护。根据帕特尔的裁决,这种代码也是功能性的,指示计算机做一些事情,这与它的表达能力无关。然而,同意和反对意见都认为,计算机代码也有 “控制计算机的功能目的,在这方面,不要求第一修正案的保护”。

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这种分歧突出了普通语言和计算机代码之间的尴尬区别。语言不会改变世界,除非它说服、告知或强迫其他人。然而,代码是一种语言,它的文字具有内在的力量。输入适当的指令,计算机就会毫不犹豫地执行这些指令,不需要猜测,也不需要独立意志。它们就像刻在巨魔额头上的文字(或者在某些版本的民间传说中,放在它嘴里的书面指令)。傀儡没有选择,因为它没有能力做出选择。这些话是代码,而格莱姆与计算机没有区别。

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与普通组织不同,DAO不依赖人类来执行其许多核心功能。相反,这些功能已被转化为一组指令,并在软件中实现。就龙卷风现金而言,其代码作为以太坊的一部分存在,以太坊是一种广泛使用的加密货币,也可以运行任意的计算机代码。

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加密货币的狂热者认为,DAO将允许他们信任安全的计算机代码,这将准确地完成他们想要做的事情,而不是可能失败或欺骗的易变的人类。人类仍然可以有投入,但要遵守自我运行软件中的规则。过去几年的DAO活动让这些狂热者学到了一系列关于计算机安全和不完整合约的局限性的痛苦而昂贵的教训。软件有漏洞,而合约在未预料到的情况下可能会做出奇怪的事情。这种结合经常导致数百万美元的欺诈和盗窃。

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使问题更加复杂的是,单个DAO可以有非常不同的规则。DAO本应创造真正的去中心化服务,永远不会变成国家权力和强制力的来源。今天,一些DAO大谈去中心化,但为创始人和a16z等大投资者提供权力。其他的DAO则是故意设置的,以挫败外部控制。事实上,龙卷风现金的创建者明确希望创建一个类似于傀儡的实体,可以不受法律约束。在这样做的时候,他们遵循的是长期的自由主义传统。

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2014年,以太坊的核心开发者之一加文-伍兹(Gavin Woods)发表了一篇关于他所谓的去中心化软件服务的 “寓意”的演讲。Woods的论点非常简单。像PayPal这样的公司雇用了真实的人和真实的律师。这意味着,“如果他们向你提供的服务被认为是错误的或非法的......那么他们就会被搞死......也许会进监狱”。但像比特币这样的加密货币 “没有经营者”。通过使用在区块链上运行的软件,而不是用人来管理你的组织,你可以绕过正常的、人类的法律,做一个终端。你可以创建 “不能被关闭的服务。不是由法院,不是由警察部队,不是由一个民族国家监管”。人们将能够制定他们想要的任何规则,不管任何政府禁止什么。

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Woods的演讲帮助激发了第一个DAO(The DAO),他的想法在龙卷风现金中继续存在。用其创始人的话说,龙卷风现金的设计是 “不可阻挡的”。该协议的方式是 “设计的,去中心化和自主的......没有人负责”。经营龙卷风现金的人使用了一个在以太坊计算平台上运行的去中心化协议,该平台本身就是彻底的去中心化。但他们使用了不可磨灭的“墨水”。该协议被故意指示永远不接受更新命令。

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龙卷风现金的其他元素,它的网站,以及存储其源代码的GitHub仓库已经被下架。但是实际混合加密货币的协议仍然可以通过以太坊网络获得,即使它没有一个用户友好的前端。就像一个已经被设定为运动的傀儡,它将继续前进,根据其最初的指令吸收、处理和返回加密货币。

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这让我们想到一个论点,即美国政府通过制裁一个软件程序,正在限制言论自由。它不仅比这更复杂,而且它的复杂程度也削弱了这种论点。外国资产管制处的行动并不是针对言论自由和源代码的发布,正如其澄清所表明的那样。研究人员不被禁止复制、发布、讨论、“教授或在书面出版物(如教科书)中包括开放源代码”。GitHub仍有可能托管该源代码和项目。外国资产管制处的行动旨在防止人们使用削弱政府最基本职能之一的软件应用程序:监管其认为危及国家安全的活动。

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问题是,第一修正案是否涵盖了golems。当你的话语不是用来说服或争论,而是用来激发一个无意识的实体,只要以太坊区块链存在,它就会存在,并且无论如何都会执行你的最终指令,你的格莱姆是否应该免于法律诉讼?

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当Patel发布她著名的裁决时,她严厉地驳回了 “哪怕是一滴”直接功能也会压倒人们的表达权的论点。可以说,龙卷风现金的问题是,可能是名义上的一滴言论自由能否压倒运行代码的直接功能,特别是旨在拒绝任何进一步的人类干预的代码。龙卷风现金协议将接受并执行其协议所描述的常规命令。它仍然会对加密货币进行洗钱。但协议本身已经被冻结。

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我们当然不认为美国政府应该禁止DAO或运行在以太坊或其他区块链上的代码,或要求获得其工作的任何普遍权利。这就像认为加密信息导致 “无法无天的空间 ”的一般说法,或者认为监管代码总是对言论自由的事先限制的相反观念一样,是全面的,也是错误的。关于政府对代码的监管及其对分布式系统的法律授权,存在着广泛的合法分歧空间。

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然而,很难不同情外国资产管理处的愿望,即反击破坏政府权威理念的激进努力。如果 “龙卷风现金”的法律方法占上风,会发生什么?也就是说,如果法官和政治家决定像龙卷风现金这样的实体不能被监管,无论是基于言论自由还是其他任何理由,结果会是什么?

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很可能,任何想为非法活动提供便利的人都会有强烈的动机把他们的操作变成DAO,然后把钥匙扔掉。以太坊的编程语言是图灵完备的。这意味着,正如Woods在2014年所争论的那样,人们可以把各种组织规则变成软件,无论它们是否违反法律。

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在实践中,这并不那么容易。将商业原则转化为运行中的代码是很难的,而在不产生错误或漏洞的情况下做到这一点就更难了。以太坊和其他区块链对计算能力仍有硬性限制。但是,当有大量资金处于危险之中时,人类的聪明才智可以完成许多事情。

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人们在金融交易中寻求匿名有其合理的理由,但这些理由需要与对社会的其他危害进行权衡。正如隐私倡导者Cory Doctorow最近写道:“当你把匿名和金融结合起来时,不是匿名说话的权利,而是匿名经营投资基金的权利,你就为连环诈骗犯铺上了红地毯,他们可以进行诈骗,被抓后改名换姓,然后再次进行诈骗,把他们学到的经验融入其中。”

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以代码是言论自由为由为DAO辩护是个错误。有些代码是言论,但不是所有的代码都是言论。而且代码也可以直接影响世界。DAO本质上是由代码而非粘土制成的自主机械人,使这种区别特别明显。

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随着机器人变得更加能干和普遍,这一点将变得更加重要。机器人甚至比DAO更明显地是傀儡,在物理世界中执行行动。他们的代码是否应该享有法律的安全港?如果机器人和DAO一样,被设计成只服从其最初的指令,无论多么非法,并拒绝所有进一步的更新或命令,那该怎么办?假设代码是自由言论,而且仅仅是自由言论,而忽略其功能目的,充其量只能使法律陷入僵局。

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将言论自由的争论与龙卷风现金这样的DAO的原因联系起来,会危及过去赢得的一些重要的言论自由的胜利。但如果这种论调获胜,每个人的风险可能会更大。一个民主政府无法执行其法律的世界,不是一个公民空间或公民自由会蓬勃发展的世界。

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