对成熟智能合约L1中现代权力结构的考察

FastDailyPublicado a 2022-10-22Actualizado a 2022-10-22

Resumen

成熟的智能合约区块链离不开稳定币、oracle、交易所、钱包、市场等大型现代结构。所有这些实体都将为用户和共识而竞争。与此相反的是比特币,它是一个封闭的、不复杂的层,一直在努力吸引创新,它的多重叙事让更广泛的世界感到困惑。比特币是一个纸上谈兵的创新吗?一个理论上的巨人吗?

自中本聪撰写最初的比特币白皮书以来,已经过去了10多年。在过去十年左右的时间里,市场以各种功能和目的塑造了比特币的叙事;比特币已经与支付、抵制审查的电子黄金、储备货币、通货膨胀对冲等领域交叉。虽然这确实是一种独特的现象,但我发现更广泛的市场已经过度关注于这些叙事。相反,他们没有意识到深植于比特币协议中的政治理论的意义,更没有认识到其从博弈论上让各方在系统中合作的非凡能力。

中本聪很可能深受美国的影响。这是因为在美国和比特币这两种模式中,都有三种独立的力量对特定功能拥有完全的所有权。然而更重要的是,尽管存在一致性,但它们在边界情况下最终仍必须相互制衡,因此一个功能不能占主导地位。在比特币中,参与者在功能上被分为矿工、开发人员和节点,而在美国,他们由行政、法律和司法部门定义。这种系统被更正式地称为“三方”。

归根结底,值得一问的是,政治理论在实践中是否站得住脚?游说、超级pacs、选区划分、任期、媒体、外部参与者等都是美国三方的主要压力因素。这并不是说它已经失败了。而是要认识到当制度理论出现分歧时的结果是什么,并询问该制度是否在很大程度上仍然忠于其本质,它是否仍然具有完整性?

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治理试验

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回过头来看,比特币协议的核心创新仍然是开源三方的试运行。这一点在2015年得到了最好的证明。当时,一项看似无害的技术特征在大规模的治理压力测试中变成了导火索。加密历史上的这个时代被称为“BlockSize Wars”。

重要的是要认识到这个系统如何在比特币治理系统的各个分支相互冲突和寻求共识的情况下按照设计运作。例如,一些著名的矿工几乎单方面地寻求增加区块大小的限制,但当核心开发人员没有合并必要的代码更改,以及经济节点拒绝传播和验证他们的分叉交易时,他们实际上被否决了。一些用户/经济节点故意通过市场行为对价格施加负面压力。在区块大小的战争中,还有许多其他微妙和宏观的行动,说明了矿工、节点和开发人员所拥有的软硬控制限制。而这恰恰会使比特币更有弹性,更有反脆弱性。就像Taleb所说的那样,市场会意识到有一个系统在为比特币的灵魂而战,而不是一个中心化的行为者。

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然而,比特币的成功之处在于其纯粹的简单性,这体现在社区不愿意对协议的加密经济政策进行重大更改,并依赖于Lightning等技术复杂的第二层解决方案,其他具有智能合约功能的底层区块链为了取代它们而出现了。

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进入以太坊。

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合并太无聊了

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在以太坊从Pow升级到PoS(被称为合并)之前的几周,争议开始出现。

“”

@GaloisCapital随后调查了以太坊社区,并对他们进行了一系列情景分析。下面的帖子值得一看。

矿工和他们的相关实体对PoW的价值吵吵嚷嚷。考虑到他们庞大的资本密集型业务和未来业务的损失,矿工们的动机很有可能是出于财务上的迫切需求。

然而,合并被完美执行。即使就价格走势而言,ETHW也几乎无法占据有意义的市场份额,相反,ETH Classic的表现继续优于其他替代币。当然,以太坊PoS在过去几年里已经赢得了大量的社会资本,因为PoS已经在其路线图上有一段时间了。然而,除了PoS与PoW的利弊之外,还有一些东西值得在此进行研究。

头重脚轻

“”

在比特币的传统世界中,矿工、经济节点和开发者在公平的竞争环境中争夺控制权。然而,不可否认的是,以太坊在过去几年里经历了一场无声的革命,其权力结构变得越来越头重手轻。也就是说,现代结构能够侵占从比特币设计中继承下来的三方体系,并对以太坊未来的路径依赖产生巨大的影响。

“”

让我们来研究一下。

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Circle ($USDC)和Tether ($TUSD)等稳定币发行者对系统施加了最大的控制。这些法币基础设施服务提供商的市值合计约为1000亿美元,约占加密货币总市值的10%。那么到底发生了什么?首先,Circle曾承诺“唯一”支持PoS以太坊。

其次,虽然有人猜测Tether的Paolo Ardoino更支持PoW,但Ardino做出的商业决定是不对已经遭受重创的加密货币市场造成不稳定。如果终端用户对使用PoW有广泛的共识,但Circle却选择只支持PoS,情况会怎样?我相信,考虑到在DeFi系统中内置等稳定币基础设施和以稳定币计价的杠杆(例如MakerDao、Aave等),用户将别无选择地支持Circle。这就是Tether不得不与Circle和PoS合作等原因——其一揽子交易。

继稳定币发行者之后,我相信中心化交易所是堆栈中的下一个现代权力结构。虽然交易所是比特币战争中的一支力量,但我相信它们的影响力已经越来越大。简单地说,他们决定了终端用户可以在哪里进入和退出他们的加密货币,分配任何潜在的空投,并可以强行选择不在他们的平台上做市,从而破坏流动性和任何分叉。

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其次,如果没有最大的Oracle服务提供商ChainLink,就无法合理地提升状态,因为许多应用程序都依赖链下数据。此外,ChainLink的大部分价值主张在于它的网络效应,这进一步增加了对单一oracle服务的依赖。这是因为,需要相同信息反馈的用户可以成本共享相同的oracle,同时以收费的形式增加网络安全预算(表现为$LINK的价格)。虽然有其他oracle供应商,但由于这些原因,Chainlink已经在市场上占据了主导地位。因此,让我们再问一次,如果ChainLink不支持PoW,这个应用空间还能生存吗?是的,但这并非没有困难。

最后,虽然不完全相关,并且肯定自2016年以来就嵌入到了以太坊代码库中,但难度炸弹只是破坏了ETH PoW生存的任何几率。这条链很快变得无法使用,这就是Ethereum Classic的哈希率和价格价格飙升的原因。

有了上述现代结构和难度炸弹的结合,难怪以太坊的合并会令人难以置信的平静。

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结论

“”

更突出的问题是,这总是不可避免的吗?我相信是的。成熟的智能合约区块链离不开稳定币、oracle、交易所、钱包、市场等大型现代结构。所有这些实体都将为用户和共识而竞争。当然,这将侵蚀三方。然而,与此相反的是比特币,它是一个封闭的、不复杂的层,一直在努力吸引创新,它的多重叙事让更广泛的世界感到困惑。对我来说,比特币仍然是一个纸上谈兵的政治创新,一个理论上的巨人,而以太坊是治理和实用主义的交汇点,是理论和现实的结合点。

“”

尽管如此,如果它们希望获得广泛的采用,所有区块链都需要解决这些问题。

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