比特币闪电网络现状速览:大额融资频出,生态建设初步成型

PanewsPublicado a 2022-10-15Actualizado a 2022-10-15

Resumen

基于比特币的L2扩容方案闪电网络最近出现一些新变化,闪电网络开发商Lightning Labs发布Taro测试版,允许在其上构建更为丰富的DeFi生态,甚至会促进比特币的进一步主流化。

基于比特币的L2扩容方案闪电网络最近出现一些新变化,闪电网络开发商Lightning Labs发布Taro测试版,允许在其上构建更为丰富的DeFi生态,甚至会促进比特币的进一步主流化。

当底层基础设施逐步搭建好,比特币的闪电网络解决方案也越来越多受到欢迎。目前其上锁定的比特币已经突破5000枚,达到新的历史高点,闪电网络的安全性也进一步得到提升,围绕闪电网络搭建而来的一系列支付设施,比如加密支付应用 Strike 于近日完成 9000 万美元融资。

此外,River Financial 公司推出支付网关 River Lightning Services(RLS),可以帮助开发人员利用更友好易用的API将更多的金融设施带入比特币网络。

闪电网络也具备“向上捅破天”的实力,Blockstream 已经推出使用比特币闪电网络支付实现卫星信息广播的服务。用户只需一个闪电网络钱包,用户就可以利用闪电网络相互发送私人数据。

比特币拥趸MicroStrategy 也开始搭建基于闪电网络的SaaS平台,在囤币之外开始考虑搭建应用层,闪电网络的生态已经来到爆发边缘。

在闪电网络之前,比特币的DeFi活动高度依赖于RenBTC及WBTC等跨链封装资产,缺少自身生态应用,导致比特币只能走向数字黄金等价值锚定物,而本身的使用场景受到了极大限制,闪电网络的出现某种程度上可以缓解这种窘境。

重拾“点对点电子现金支付”梦想

比特币虽然最早是反对美元滥发而推出的“电子现金”,起初一直承担着交易媒介的角色,但在十余年的发展后,也受制于比特币网络自身的局限性,整个加密市场的交易媒介已然悄然易主,USDT、USDC等美元稳定币成为媒介。闪电网络开发商Lightning Labs想重拾当年比特币的电子现金支付系统梦。

Lightning Labs在2022年4月发布的Taro是一个由Taproot驱动的协议,用于发行可以通过比特币转移的资产,以及未来用于即时、大批量、低费用交易的闪电网络应用。

美元比特币化已经被列为Taro协议的优先开发选项,支持用户直接访问比特币和闪电网络原生稳定币,同时利用比特币主网的安全和闪电网络的效率。

Taro使比特币可以逐渐支持更多资产类型,并且以美元稳定币计价,可以减轻比特币带来的价值波动,在最近的英镑危机中,比特币/英镑的交易就开始活跃,而在以往的土耳其、俄罗斯本币币值波动期间,比特币的使用量都出现明显上升趋势。

而大规模使用的转折点,是2021年萨尔瓦多开始的比特币法币化刺激后,闪电网络终于得到了大幅进步:截至2022年10月10日,闪电网络共有1.7万个节点,近8万个通道,以及锁定了近5000个比特币,价值近一亿美元,其TVL大概是以太坊L2选手Arbitrum的1/23。

随后熊市到来后,比特币闪电网络的发展并未受到明显阻碍,反而是围绕日常使用场景进行了更多的扩展,得益于闪电网络的廉价,其交易量等数据在持续上升。闪电网络在2021年9月处理了60万次小额交易。这个数量的交易只需要332个完整的链上比特币区块,通过闪电网络上的交易,链上的内存库免于被吸收大量区块空间的交易。

其次,法币化也是促进闪电网络大规模采用的刺激因素,在2021年9月后,已经有270万萨尔瓦多人成为Chivo钱包用户,其上可直接使用闪电网络进行转账等操作。

此外,拥有700万用户的Paxful于9月14日宣布整合Lightning网络。Twitter推出了与Lightning整合的小费服务,使Twitter的1.86亿用户可以通过利用Lightning网络向对方发送小费。

比特币闪电网络现状速览:大额融资频出,生态建设初步成型

从2021年1月1日到2021年9月30日,闪电网络的锁定BTC容量增长了181%,从1058 BTC到2968 BTC。

其中,最为耀眼的是基于比特币闪电网络建立的加密支付应用 Strike,其目标是挑战Visa、PayPal等传统支付巨头,以及西联汇款等跨境支付公司。

以PayPal旗下的Venmo为例,其支持在朋友和家人间进行网络转账,其共计有6千万用户,其在2021年完成了2296亿美元的交易额,以此为起点畅想闪电网络的交易额,其目前还在襁褓期。

而在商户结算领域,Visa和万事达卡每笔交易会收取2-3%的手续费,而利用闪电网络,100美元的交易费用不会超过1美分,这对于小型商户而言,无疑是个具备吸引力的特点。

目前支持在阿根廷、萨尔瓦多和美国三个地区展开服务,其中,阿根廷用户将能够进行比特币汇款支付、在 Twitter 上接收比特币打赏并使用 Strike 的点对点交易服务。

Stike还和 Shopify、Blackhawk Network、NCR 合作建立比特币支付系统,该系统允许商家在客户使用加密货币付款后快速接收美元付款,目前支持该支付网络的商家包括麦当劳、CVS、Walgreens、Whole Foods 和沃尔玛等。

此外,Strike还宣布将推出新款 Visa 卡,使用该卡消费将获得消费奖励,目前用户可加入候补名单来获得体验该卡的机会。

至此,Strike的商业模型已经完成闭环,而在其之外,还有基于比特币闪电网络的支付公司 Neutronpay 完成 225 万美元种子轮融资,面向企业开发API供其使用。

比特币的生态逐步成型,而其中最为耀眼的就是支付设施,包括Cash App等成熟产品,也有LightSpark这样a16z领投的新锐。

闪电网络的应用,将会起到降本增效的作用,大规模降低比特币的使用成本,建立围绕比特币的L2、DeFi甚至NFT生态,其中值得注意的有面向消费者、商家以及企业级的各类产品。

闪电网络简史

闪电网络的提出并不落后于以太坊扩容方案,闪电网络于2015年由Joseph Poon和Thaddeus Dryja首次提出设想,但在2018年才真正开发出来,并部署到比特币网络上。

在闪电网络之前,比特币也尝试过其他方案,比如SegWit,在2017年8月被称为隔离见证(SegWit)的比特币协议的升级生效,改变了区块的衡量方式。在完全采用SegWit的情况下将最大区块大小增加到大约4MB,但在处理人类每天进行的数以百万计的小额交易面前,主网扩展能力最终达到了一个上限。

并且主网又不能频繁升级,而BCH等分叉币的教训还在眼前,最终社区也只能从L2角度去思考解决办法,只把主网作为最终决算层。

比特币闪电网络的技术原理并不复杂,简单而言,就是比特币主网将每笔交易广播到链上,而闪电网络则针对链上的通道状态进行验证,而只有在最终结算的时候才将交易信息广播至主网。

比特币闪电网络现状速览:大额融资频出,生态建设初步成型

其在点对点之间运作方式如下:

•闪电网络利用一个由智能合约打开一个支付通道网络,本质上就是待交易双方的一个复式记账本,在双方之间保存交易记录。对手方都承诺了存入其中一定数量的比特币,可以被发送到另一个对手方那里。

•对手方在彼此之间转移资金而不在区块链上广播他们的交易,而只保存在彼此的账本上。当其中任何一方或双方决定不再需要该通道时,双方结算余额并将结果广播至主网。

这里面的关键是防止作弊问题,毕竟两点之间的预结算并不会保存在主网上,为了防止人们试图通过虚假的结账声明来窃取比特币,闪电网络有一个惩罚协议。如果Alice发送了不正确的信息,而Bob证明这个信息是假的,那么通道中的所有资金都将被转移到Bob。

其中的技术关键是哈希时间锁定合约(HTLCs),这个协议允许交易通过支付通道路径发送比特币,但也消除了拦截和保留付款的可能性。简单地说,在最终结算时,HTLCs要求收件人确认他已经收到付款。如果收件人在一定时间内没有确认收到付款,付款将被退回给发件人。

在美国财政部制裁Tornado Cash后,抗审查成为行业内真正的用户刚需,尤其是在以太坊转为PoS机制后,其是否会被定性为证券已经是个值得认真考虑的问题了。

而闪电网络本身并无此项担忧,其只在最终结算时才广播至主网,退一万步说,大家还可以去主网交易,其高度抗审查的特性会带来更为丰富的使用场景。

2019年1月,Twitter用户Hodlonaut进行了一项社会实验,他向一个回应他的推文的人发送了10万个sat,达成交易的条件是,收件人增加1万个sat,然后发送给一个新用户。这条交易链被重新命名为 "闪电火炬",并迅速在Twitter上获得关注。最终有282名参与者加入其中,包括Twitter/Square创始人Jack、前PayPal首席运营官和LinkedIn联合创始人。

结语

2008年,当中本聪写下《比特币:一种点对点电子现金支付系统》之时,谁都难以想到设计为日常的、小额的、个人使用的比特币网络,会演变为昂贵、低效、机构化的“数字黄金”,这很难说是一种失败,但总归是偏离设计者初心的走样。

相似的问题也发生在以太坊网络之上,最终选择的解决办法是L2扩容,他山之石,可以攻玉,比特币的L2——闪电网络也最终提出,成为让比特币回归电子现金支付系统的种子选手。

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