以太坊的下一站:上海升级

PanewsPublicado a 2022-09-16Actualizado a 2022-09-16

Resumen

北京时间9月16日下午2点45分,以太坊共识机制从PoW工作量证明过渡到PoS权益证明,加密社区五年多来一直期待的“合并”历史性壮举终于顺利完成了。

在上海升级中,几乎所有核心开发者都会将质押ETH提款功能放在首位

北京时间9月16日下午2点45分,以太坊共识机制从PoW工作量证明过渡到PoS权益证明,加密社区五年多来一直期待的“合并”历史性壮举终于顺利完成了。现在这项伟大的技术壮举支持下,以太坊网络核心开发人员开始思考另一个问题:以太坊的下一步是什么?

实际上,开发人员已经将目光投向下一次升级:上海。

虽然在接下来的两到三周内,以太坊核心开发人员不会举行小组会议,也不会就网络未来做出集体决定,但短暂的休息不会维持太长时间,下个月他们需要集体确定在以太坊下一次升级——上海——中包含哪些功能。要知道,如今价值数百亿美元的数字资产部署在以太坊区块链上,因此合并后的首次升级就显得尤为关键。

“钱”出不去,人进不来

以太坊核心开发人员Micah Zoltu表示,社区对于“上海”升级有很多想法,但现在还没有达成共识,目前听到最迫切更新的一个新功能就是允许以太坊验证者提取质押的ETH。

合并给以太坊区块链带来的最大改变就是将网络共识机制变成“权益证明”,即网络上的所有交易将不再由能源密集型的“矿工”验证,而是由已存入或质押大量ETH的个体和组织“验证者”进行验证。对于验证者而言,他们质押的ETH可以生成和收集新的ETH,这些所谓的“新ETH”是他们证明验证交易和保护网络的奖励。

然而到目前为止,以太坊的质押机制只能存入ETH,不能提取ETH。根据以太坊官方网络数据显示,网络验证者数量已经有427,326个,质押总量则达到14,451,487枚ETH,按照当前ETH价格计算,质押总价值接近220亿美元,但所有这些ETH现在都“被困”在以太坊网络上,除非开发人员添加提款功能。

可以理解的是,在上海升级中,几乎所有核心开发者都会将质押ETH提款功能放在首位,否则质押ETH的吸引力将大打折扣,因为人们发现自己质押的ETH迟迟无法取出,势必会减弱“验证者”的质押动力,后续也就不会有那么多人进入以太坊网络,这无疑会对以太坊的未来发展和网络安全产生巨大影响。

以太坊核心开发人员Marius Van Der Wijden坦言,核心开发人员可能会同意在接下来的“上海”升级中解决质押ETH提款问题,“这几乎是板上钉钉的事情”。但是,“上海”升级中还会包含哪些其他内容尚不清楚。

质押后以太坊的下一步是什么?

Micah Zoltu认为,“上海”升级现在最大的问题就是“每个人都有不同的清单”,大家都觉得自己的提案“最紧迫”,但这些想法非常主观,并没有达成一致。

尽管如此,以太坊“上海”升级中除了添加质押ETH提款功能之外,还可能会有其他一些潜在更新,比如:

1、以太坊虚拟机 (EVM)更新。EVM是面向开发人员的以太坊底层机制,定义了网络上区块如何交互的管理规则。在过去的两年多时间里,以太坊没有对EVM做过任何更新,部分原因就是因为担心更新后会对合并带来麻烦。正如Marius Van Der Wijden所说,在合并之前更新EVM会导致测试复杂度增加10倍,也会让升级工作变得更加困难。

2、Proto-danksharding更新。Proto-danksharding升级其实传闻已久,而且也引起了以太坊社区的巨大兴趣,而且与Rollups可扩展性技术有关。Rollups是一种以太坊网络扩容工具,将交易集合汇聚到一个单元中,然后再将该单元作为一个独立交易呈现给以太坊区块链,从而解决了以太坊主网交易处理速度缓慢和gas费用过高的问题。

Proto-danksharding可以看作是danksharding的初步版本,在Proto-danksharding过程中,只需对小区块数据进行采样即可验证Rollups上的大量数据,从本质上讲,此次更新应该会极大地提高Optimism和Arbitrum等以太坊Layer 2网络验证大量数据的速度和便利性。Van Der Wijden补充称,Proto-danksharding可以减少Rollup链上gas费用,也能让Rollup更轻松地进行大规模扩展,同时交易成本也会大幅降低。不过,虽然danksharding对Layer 2用户有极大的吸引力,而且升级后可以消减gas费用、降低交易时间,但开发工作需要耗费大量精力和时间。

“上海”升级面临的困境

以太坊“上海”升级中包含的功能集合越多,升级就越复杂,更重要的是,会导致升级工作出现延迟。

以太坊核心开发人员Marius Van Der Wijden解释说:“有些人只研究表面,他们甚至认为‘上海’升级中并不是所有功能都必须实施和测试,但问题是,如果‘上海’升级中有10项变化,那么就需要对每个变化进行单独测试,而且还需要测试不同变化之间如何相互作用、相互影响,这意味着一旦‘上海’升级中包含的功能数量增多,测试工作量将会呈指数级增长。”

截至目前,以太坊开发人员还没有估计“上海”升级需要多长时间来实施,但Van Der Wijden 相信“上海”升级应该会在2023年内进行。但是,如果以太坊用户和开发人员将目光投向其他更新,比如danksharding,那么“上海”升级日期就会被延迟。

别忘了,现在还有200多亿美元的质押ETH困在以太坊PoS链里。

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