训练Gemini 4太烧钱!巴克莱测算:谷歌将连续两年自由现金流为负

华尔街见闻Publicado a 2026-07-23Actualizado a 2026-07-23

Resumen

巴克莱在谷歌Q2财报后大幅上调资本支出预期:2027年升至3500亿美元,2028年升至5000亿美元,均超同期经营性现金流,自由现金流将转负。核心驱动为Gemini 4大模型训练的算力需求。谷歌每月花约10亿美元租用外部GPU,释放自有算力用于训练。

谷歌母公司Alphabet一份超预期的季报,换来的不是轻松,而是一张更大的账单。

据追风交易台消息,巴克莱在7月22日的研报中称,在谷歌公布2026年第二季度财报后,巴克莱将谷歌2027年资本支出预期大幅上调至3500亿美元,2028年进一步升至5000亿美元,均超过同期经营性现金流的100%,这意味着谷歌将在未来两年持续处于自由现金流为负的状态。

推动这一资本支出激增的核心驱动力,是谷歌正在为Gemini 4大模型的大规模训练运行积累算力储备。巴克莱认为,谷歌当前正以高于市场的溢价租用外部GPU算力,为部分GCP客户提供"过渡性"算力支持,同时释放自有算力用于Gemini 4的训练。这一安排每月成本约达10亿美元,将对第四季度及2027年第一季度的云业务利润率形成压制。

据华尔街见闻文章写道,最新财报显示,谷歌Q2云业务收入同比增长82%,云业务积压订单单季度增加500亿美元至5140亿美元,搜索广告收入同比增长17%,YouTube广告增速加速至13%。然而,在财报电话会上,AI全面渗透所带来的运营成本与资本支出的双重膨胀,正在成为市场关注的核心变量。CFO阿什肯纳齐预计,AI基础设施投入将持续对利润表和现金流构成压力。

云业务加速,但成本压力同步攀升

巴克莱将本季度最大亮点归结为谷歌云的持续加速。2026年第二季度,Google Cloud收入达247.68亿美元,同比增长82%(巴克莱估计剔除TPU销售后约为77%),云业务运营利润率提升至36%。云业务积压订单从上季度的464亿美元跃升至5140亿美元,单季净增500亿美元,显示出企业客户对GCP需求的强劲势头。

然而,云业务的高速增长伴随着显著的成本上升。报告指出,谷歌与Colossus签署了一项每月约10亿美元的GPU租赁协议,以"过渡性"方式为部分GCP客户提供算力,预计持续约两个季度。巴克莱认为,这一安排的实质目的在于释放谷歌自有的第一方算力,为Gemini 4的大规模训练运行腾出空间。

巴克莱认为,谷歌支付的溢价租金"令人侧目",但考虑到当前算力供需的紧迫性以及该安排的临时性质,这一决策具有一定合理性。报告同时指出,这一布局理论上有助于谷歌为其轨道数据中心机架的未来负载容量奠定基础。

Gemini 4训练催生资本支出"爆炸式"增长

巴克莱在报告中明确表示,此次大幅上调资本支出预期,直接与Gemini 4大模型的训练需求挂钩。报告显示,巴克莱将2027年资本支出预期从此前的2561亿美元上调至3502亿美元,上调幅度达37%;2028年资本支出预期则从3274亿美元大幅上调至5003亿美元,上调幅度约53%。

按照巴克莱的预测模型,谷歌2026年至2028年的资本支出将分别达到约2005亿、3502亿和5003亿美元,连续两年超过同期经营性现金流,自由现金流将分别转为负65亿美元和负1352亿美元。

报告同时指出,谷歌管理层在财报电话会议上对Gemini 4及整体AI模型开发节奏表达了明确信心。目前,Gemini API的调用量已达到每分钟220亿个token,较一个季度前的160亿大幅提升,同比增长3至4倍,巴克莱估计其市场地位已与Anthropic并列第二。

AI全栈布局构筑竞争壁垒,但多线作战成本高企

巴克莱将谷歌定性为"当前全球AI前沿程度最高的公司",其AI布局横跨应用层(搜索、Gemini等)、模型层(Gemini、Flash等)、基础设施层(GCP)以及原始算力层(TPU),形成完整的全栈覆盖。巴克莱认为,这一广度将在后续季度随着云业务的持续加速而愈发凸显。

然而,这种全线竞争的代价同样显著。巴克莱报告指出,谷歌同时面临来自Anthropic和OpenAI在模型层的竞争,以及AWS和Azure在基础设施层的压力,同时还需维持13款月活用户超过10亿的应用产品的正常运营。这种"多线作战"的格局,正是推动运营支出和资本支出双双膨胀的根本原因。

在盈利预测方面,巴克莱将2027年收入和营业利润预期均上调5%,主要反映谷歌云收入及利润的上修。但受Colossus协议影响,2026年第四季度及2027年第一季度EPS预期有所下调,此后各期EPS预期则相应上调。

巴克莱将谷歌目标价从405美元上调至425美元,估值方法基于2027年至2028年预期EPS的25倍市盈率与EBITDA的15倍估值倍数的平均值,维持"增持"评级不变。

从更长远的视角来看,巴克莱认为,在AI价值链的全栈捕获能力上,Alphabet目前鲜有可比对手,其跨层布局的战略价值将随AI需求的持续扩张而逐步释放。

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