市场低迷对加密货币犯罪活动有什么影响?

白泽研究院Publicado a 2022-08-17Actualizado a 2022-08-17

Resumen

今年,随着加密货币交易量因价格的下跌而下降,骗局、暗网交易已经减少,但黑客攻击却在大幅增加,DeFi 协议依然是黑客的“提款机”。

今年,随着加密货币交易量因价格的下跌而下降,骗局、暗网交易已经减少,但黑客攻击却在大幅增加,DeFi 协议依然是黑客的“提款机”。

2022 年对于加密货币市场来说是动荡的一年。5 月和 6 月所有加密货币的价格都出现了大幅下跌。虽然不知道我们是否已经触底,但 7 月至 8 月,价格相对稳定,比特币价格在 20,000 美元至 24,000 美元之间徘徊。

市场低迷对加密货币犯罪活动有什么影响?

今年所有的加密货币交易量都因价格的下跌而下降,但加密犯罪活动似乎更具弹性:犯罪活动的交易量同比仅下降 15%,而合法交易量则下降了 36%。但是,汇总数据并不能说明全部情况。如果我们深入研究特定形式的加密货币犯罪活动,我们会发现其中一些在 2022 年实际上有所增加,而另一些的下降幅度则超过了整个市场。

—1—

骗局收入减少

2022 年的加密货币诈骗总收入目前为 16 亿美元,相比 2021 年 7 月底低了 65%,这种下降似乎与加密货币价格的下跌有关。

自 2022 年 1 月以来,诈骗收入或多或少与比特币价格走势一致。我们可以从下图中看到,不仅仅是诈骗收入下降,个人向诈骗钱包转移的累计资金量是过去四年来的最低水平。

这些数字表明,陷入加密货币骗局的人数比以往任何时候都少。造成这种情况的一个原因可能是,随着资产价格的下跌,加密货币骗局(通常是承诺具有巨额回报)对潜在受害者的吸引力降低。此外,由于加密货币价格正在下跌,更有可能陷入骗局的新用户、缺乏经验的用户在市场上并不那么普遍。

同样重要的是要记住,诈骗收入通常是由大型骗局所驱动的,例如 PlusToken,它在 2019 年从受害者那里骗取了超过 20 亿美元,或者 Finiko,它在 2021 年骗取了超过 15 亿美元。截止 2022 年 7 月,今年还没有发现任何可以接近这两者水平的大型骗局。

2022 年三大骗局 VS 2021 年三大骗局

迄今为止,2022 年最大的骗局已经骗取了价值 2.73 亿美元的加密货币,仅占到 2021 年 7 月底 Finiko 的 24%。然而,这也有不利的一面:由于研究年份的总骗局收入通常由一两个大型骗局组成,所以有可能在 2022 年底之前出现大型骗局,并扭转我们目前看到的骗局收入下降的趋势。

—2—

暗网市场收入减少

2022 年暗网市场收入也明显下降,目前比 2021 年 7 月的水平低 43%,并且在 2022 年 4 月急剧下降,导致下降的原因可以肯定是由于 4 月 5 日 Hydra Marketplace 被制裁和关闭,该市场多年来作为主要的暗网市场,充当了毒品销售、黑客工具、被盗数据和洗钱服务的交易中心。

Hydra 被德国执法部门关闭后,其主页上显示的消息

有趣的是,虽然 Hydra 关闭后整体暗网市场收入下降,但其余市场的交易量显著增加。

我们怀疑这种增长代表了 Hydra 商家和客户将资金转移到新市场以寻找替代品。然而,在 Hydra 关闭之后,暗网市场收入的下降,显示出执法部门打击基于加密货币的犯罪的能力日益增强的切实影响。

—3—

黑客攻击和被盗资金却在增加

没有任何基于加密货币的犯罪活动能够逆转 2022 年收入下降的趋势,例如被盗资金。

到 2022 年 7 月,有价值 19 亿美元的加密货币被盗,而 2021 年同一时间点不到 12 亿美元。这种趋势似乎不会很快逆转,因为 8 月的第一周又发生了两件事:代币跨链桥 Nomad 被黑客盗取了 1.9 亿美元资金;黑客从 8,000 多个 Solana 钱包盗取了 500 万美元的资金。(这两个事件在上图中没有显示,因为我们选择了 7 月 31 日作为我们研究的截止点)。

这在很大程度上可以归因于黑客从 DeFi 协议中窃取资金的增长,这一趋势始于 2021 年。正如我们之前所介绍的,DeFi 协议特别容易受到黑客的攻击,因为他们的开源代码可以被黑客研究并寻找漏洞利用(尽管开源代码本质上是为了更安全)。此外,DeFi 协议被盗取的大部分资产可归因于与朝鲜有关的黑客组织,尤其是像 Lazarus Group 这样的精英黑客组织。我们估计,到 2022 年为止,与朝鲜有关联的黑客组织已经从 DeFi 协议中窃取了大约 10 亿美元的加密货币。

我们不应该“幻想”黑客盗窃会像诈骗那样基于加密货币市场的走势而下降——只要 DeFi 协议和其他服务持有的加密货币数量大且易受攻击,那么黑客就会试图窃取它们。阻止黑客的唯一方法是,加密行业整体加强安全性,并教育投资者如何判断项目是否安全。与此同时,执法部门也必须继续发展反黑客盗窃的能力。

—4—

加密犯罪率下降,但不能松懈

没有人喜欢熊市,但令人振奋的是,非法的加密货币活动与合法的交易量一起下降,尽管下降幅度没有那么大。

其中,骗局的下降最令人鼓舞,市场炒作的减少似乎意味着被骗子愚弄的人数减少。在暗网市场中,执法部门关闭 Hydra 市场似乎已经抑制了整个非法交易市场。尽管如此,随着被盗资金的大量增加,我们不能满足于现状。公共和私营部门必须继续共同努力,并磨炼们打击基于加密货币的犯罪的能力。

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