日本结束零利率:风险资产最怕的「流动性拐点」来了

marsbitPublicado a 2025-11-30Actualizado a 2025-12-01

给大家讲一个鬼故事:

日本两年期国债收益率自 2008 年以来首次升至 1%;5 年期国债收益率上升 3.5 个基点至 1.345%,为 2008 年 6 月以来新高;30 年期国债收益率短暂触及 3.395%,创历史新高。

这件事的意义,不单是「利率突破 1%」,而是:

日本过去十几年的极端宽松时代,正在被永久写进历史。

从 2010 年到 2023 年,日本两年期国债收益率几乎一直在 -0.2% ~ 0.1% 之间游荡。换句话说,之前日本的钱是免费甚至倒贴借给你的。

这是由于日本经济自 1990 年泡沫破裂后,一直陷入物价不涨、工资不涨、消费疲弱的通缩陷阱,为了刺激经济,日本央行用了全球最激进、最极端的货币政策,零利率甚至负利率政策,让资金尽可能便宜,你借钱几乎免费,你把钱放在银行反而要倒贴,以此逼迫大家去投资、消费。

如今,日本国债收益率整体由负转正,升到 1%,不仅关乎日本本身,也影响全球,至少有三个方面:

首先,代表日本货币政策彻底转向。

零利率、负利率、YCC(收益率曲线控制)已经结束,日本不再是全球唯一保持「极低利率」的主要经济体,宽松时代被彻底终结。

其次,也改变了全球资金价格结构。

过去,日本是全球最大的海外投资者之一(特别是养老金 GPIF、保险公司、银行),这是由于国内利率太低,为了追求高收益率,日本企业大量出海,把资金投向美国、东南亚和中国。如今,当国内利率上升,日本资金的「出海动力」会下降,甚至会从海外转移回日本国内。

最后,也是交易员关注最多的一点,日本利率上升 1%,意味着全球过去 10 年靠日本套利(carry trade)的资金链条,将出现系统性收缩。

这会影响美股、亚洲股市、外汇市场、黄金、比特币甚至是全球流动性。

因为,套利交易(Carry Trade)才是全球金融的隐形引擎。

日元套利逐渐被终结

过去十几年,美股、比特币等全球风险资产能不断上涨,一个重要原因就是日元套利交易(Yen Carry Trade)。

想象你在日本借到的钱几乎是免费的。

在日本借 1 亿日元,利息只有 0%~0.1%,然后把这 1 亿日元换成美元,拿去美国买收益率 4%、5% 的国债,或者买股票、黄金、比特币,最后再换成日本归还贷款。

只要利率差在,你就赚钱,利率越低,套利越多。

没有一个公开的精确数字,但全球机构普遍估算,日元套利规模低则 1~2 万亿美元,高则 3~5 万亿美元之间。

这是全球金融系统中最大、最隐形的流动性来源之一。

很多研究甚至认为,日元套利是真正推动美股、黄金、BTC 在过去十年屡创新高的背后推手之一

全球一直在使用「日本的免费钱」来抬高风险资产。

如今日本 2 年期国债收益率 16 年来首次涨到 1%,意味着这条「免费钱管道」被关掉了一部分。

结果就是:

外国投资者再也借不到便宜日元用于套利,股市承压。

日本本土资金也开始回流国内,特别是日本寿险、银行、养老金,会减少对海外资产的配置。

全球资金开始撤离风险资产,只要日元走强,往往意味着全球市场风险偏好下降。

股市影响几何?

美股过去 10 年牛市,背后是全球廉价资金涌入推动,而日本是最大支柱之一。

日本利率上升,直接阻碍大量资金流入美国股市

尤其当前美股估值极高、AI 主题受到质疑,任何流动性抽离都可能放大回调。

受影响的还有整个亚太股市,韩国、台湾、新加坡等市场过去也受益于日元 carry trade。

日本利率一升,资金开始回流日本本土,亚洲股市短期波动性会加大。

而对于日本股市本身而言,国内利率上升,股市短期也会承压下跌,特别是重度依赖于出口的相关公司,但长期来看,利率正常化,让经济摆脱通缩,重新进入发展阶段,估值体系重建,反而是利好。

这或许也是巴菲特持续加码投资日本股市的原因。

巴菲特曾于 2020 年 8 月 30 日也就是 90 岁生日当天,首次公开披露已持有日本五大商社各约 5% 的股份,当时投资总值约为 63 亿美元。

五年过去,随着股价上涨和持续加码,巴菲特持有的日本五大商社总市值已突破 310 亿美元。

2022–2023 年日元跌到近 30 年低点,日本股权资产整体「打骨折」,对于价值投资者来说,这是典型的资产便宜、利润稳定、分红高、汇率还可能反转……这种投资机会太吸引人。

比特币与黄金

除开股市,日元升值对黄金和比特币影响几何?

黄金的定价逻辑历来简单:

美元弱,金价涨;实际利率下降,金价涨;全球风险上升,金价涨。

每一条都与日本利率政策拐点有着直接或间接的联系。

首先,日本利率上行意味着日元升值,而在美元指数(DXY)中,日元占比高达 13.6%。日元走强等同于直接给 DXY 施压,当美元变弱,黄金自然失去最大的压制力量,价格更容易走高。

其次,日本利率的反转标志着过去十多年「全球廉价资金」的终结。日元套利交易开始回流,日本机构减少海外投资,全球流动性随之下降。在流动性收缩周期里,资金更倾向于从高波动资产撤出,转向黄金这种「结算资产、避险资产、无对手风险资产」

第三,如果日本投资者因为本土利率提升而减少买入黄金 ETF,这部分冲击也很有限,因为全球黄金需求的主力并不在日本,而在央行购金、ETF 增持以及新兴市场购买力的长期上升趋势中。

因此,这一轮日本收益率的跃升对黄金构成的影响是明确的:

短期或有波动,中长期仍偏多。

黄金重新处在一个「利率敏感 + 美元弱化 + 避险上升」的有利组合里,长期看好。

与黄金不同,比特币算是全球最流动的风险资产,全天候交易、与纳指高度相关。因此当日本利率上升、日元套利交易回流、全球流动性收缩时,比特币往往是最先下跌的资产之一,它对市场异常敏感,像一台市场的「流动性心电图」

但短空不等于长期悲观。

日本进入加息周期意味着全球债务成本提升,美债波动加剧,各国财政压力上升。在这一宏观背景下,「无主权信用风险」的资产重新被重估:传统市场里是黄金,而在数字世界里,就是比特币

因此,比特币的路径也很清晰:短期随风险资产下跌,中期却因全球信用风险上升而迎来新的宏观级支撑。

总之,过去十多年依赖「日本免费资金」蓬勃发展的风险资产时代,已经结束了。

全球市场正在进入一个新的利率周期,一个更真实、也更残酷的周期。

从股市、黄金到比特币,没有任何资产能独善其身。

流动性退潮时,能站住的资产更有价值。周期转换时,看懂那条隐藏的资金链,才是最重要的能力。

新世界的大幕已经拉开了。

接下来,就看谁适应得更快。

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