Виталик Бутерин предложил заменить предкомпиляцию modexp в EVM из-за её неэффективности для ZK-EVM

cryptonews.ruPublicado a 2025-11-22Actualizado a 2025-11-22

Сооснователь Ethereum Виталик Бутерин выступил с предложением по изменению одного из ключевых компонентов виртуальной машины Ethereum (EVM) — предкомпиляции modexp (модульного возведения в степень). По словам Бутерина, эта функция стала наиболее ресурсоёмким и неэффективным элементом для систем типа ZK-EVM (zero-knowledge EVM), используемых для масштабирования Ethereum.

Предложение Бутерина опубликовано в X (Twitter): ссылка.

Почему modexp создаёт проблему для ZK-EVM

В EVM предкомпиляции — это заранее реализованные функции, предназначенные для выполнения сложных вычислений, которые нецелесообразно реализовывать на уровне байт-кода.
modexp используется для операций модульного возведения в степень, необходимых в основном при RSA-шифровании и проверке цифровых подписей.

Однако, как отметил Бутерин, в контексте zero-knowledge-виртуальных машин (ZK-EVM), где вычисления должны быть доказуемы и воспроизводимы с использованием SNARK-или STARK-доказательств, modexp становится узким местом.

По его оценке, вычисления modexp в 50 раз сложнее по ресурсоёмкости, чем средние блоки, что делает их крайне неэффективными в рамках доказательных систем.

Предложение: новый EIP и отказ от предкомпиляции

Бутерин предложил ввести новое улучшение Ethereum (EIP), которое заменит существующую предкомпиляцию на эквивалентный код, исполняемый напрямую в EVM.
Такое изменение может привести к увеличению затрат на газ, но обеспечит гораздо более прозрачную и предсказуемую модель вычислений для zero-knowledge-доказательств.

Бутерин также подчеркнул, что RSA-подписи и операции, где используется modexp, могут выполняться через SNARK-базированные решения, которые уже обладают встроенной совместимостью с доказательствами корректности, не нарушая принципы детерминированности ZK-систем.

Почему это важно для экосистемы Ethereum

ZK-EVM считается одной из самых перспективных технологий для масштабирования Ethereum. Она позволяет обрабатывать транзакции вне основной сети (off-chain) с последующей криптографической проверкой корректности на уровне основного блокчейна.

Однако для эффективной работы таких систем требуется, чтобы все вычисления в EVM могли быть быстро и однозначно проверяемы в виде доказательств. Текущая реализация modexp не соответствует этому принципу, создавая избыточную нагрузку и замедляя обработку блоков.

Введение нового EIP решит несколько задач:

упростит архитектуру ZK-EVM;
обеспечит совместимость EVM-вычислений с доказательствами SNARK/STARK;
создаст основу для более быстрой и лёгкой верификации транзакций.

Переход к постквантовым и ZK-совместимым решениям

Предложение Бутерина также вписывается в более широкий контекст перехода Ethereum к постквантовой криптографии и повышению устойчивости сети к новым видам вычислительных атак.
Замена modexp и отказ от RSA-подписей в пользу SNARK-решений позволят снизить зависимость от классических криптографических алгоритмов и укрепить безопасность сети на горизонте 10–20 лет.

Что дальше

Если сообщество Ethereum поддержит инициативу, предложение будет оформлено как EIP (Ethereum Improvement Proposal). После обсуждения и тестирования на уровне разработчиков оно может быть включено в один из следующих хардфорков Ethereum.

Виталик отметил, что подобные изменения «не ускорят сеть мгновенно, но улучшат долгосрочную устойчивость архитектуры и сделают ZK-доказательства более универсальными и прозрачными».

Итог:
Инициатива Виталика Бутерина по замене предкомпиляции modexp — это шаг к оптимизации вычислительной модели Ethereum и повышению эффективности ZK-EVM. Такой переход усилит совместимость блокчейна с системами доказательств и обеспечит готовность сети к эпохе постквантовых вычислений.

Criptos en tendencia

CitreaCTR

wrapped stUSDTWSTUSDT

Lecturas Relacionadas

Options Don't Work in DeFi? Vitalik Might Not Agree

For years, the prevailing view has been that options struggle to gain traction in DeFi due to complexity, fragmented liquidity, and lack of natural demand compared to products like perpetual futures. However, a recent algorithmic stablecoin design proposed by Vitalik Buterin presents a different perspective, using options not as a standalone trading product, but as foundational infrastructure for other financial instruments. In this design, one unit of ETH is split into two components: a "stable" side (P) that retains value up to a specified strike price, and an "upside" side (N) that captures all appreciation above that strike. Combined, they always equal one ETH, eliminating debt, margin, and liquidation risks inherent in typical collateralized debt position (CDP) stablecoins. The stable component essentially mimics the payoff of a covered call option. To function as a stablecoin, this structure requires continuously rolling deep in-the-money calls, which introduces challenges like rollover slippage, predictable transaction flow vulnerable to front-running, and persistent liquidity needs. A core hurdle is finding consistent buyers for the leveraged ETH upside exposure (N). While it offers leverage without funding rates or liquidation, it must compete with simpler alternatives like direct call options or perpetuals. The system's scalability depends on a sustained demand for this specific form of leverage. The author draws parallels to their experience with Rysk, where earlier versions of DeFi options protocols struggled. The breakthrough came with Rysk V12, which aligns incentives: asset holders generate yield by selling covered calls against their holdings, while market makers efficiently acquire the desired option exposure. This demonstrates that options can find product-market fit when embedded as a risk distribution and pricing engine within structured products, stablecoins, or yield-generating assets, rather than marketed as a complex direct trading instrument. Vitalik's proposal reinforces this architectural approach—using fully collateralized, non-custodial, and physically settled options as a fundamental building block. The real opportunity for options in DeFi may lie not in becoming the next perpetual swap, but in powering the next generation of on-chain financial products.

marsbitHace 5 min(s)

Options Don't Work in DeFi? Vitalik Might Not Agree

marsbitHace 5 min(s)

Ethereum Foundation Faces Another Departure as Hsiao-Wei Wang Steps Down

Hsiao-Wei Wang, a key researcher and contributor, has resigned from the Ethereum Foundation. Her work was pivotal in Ethereum's transition to Proof-of-Stake and projects related to scalability and validator engagement. This departure is part of a broader period of organizational restructuring and strategic reorientation for the Foundation, which has seen several other high-profile exits recently. The Foundation is implementing leadership and structural changes to better define its role within the ecosystem, while emphasizing that Ethereum's development remains decentralized. This transition occurs as developers continue work on major initiatives like the Glamsterdam update and Layer-1 scaling. Market observers view these changes as the Foundation adapting to support Ethereum's ongoing growth.

TheNewsCryptoHace 40 min(s)

Ethereum Foundation Faces Another Departure as Hsiao-Wei Wang Steps Down

TheNewsCryptoHace 40 min(s)

Conversation with Investor Zheng Di: MicroStrategy's Coin Sale Experiment, AI Economy, and Opportunities in US Stocks

Frontier tech investor Zheng "Didier" Di discusses the recent Bitcoin price drop, the financial strategy shift at MicroStrategy, the AI-driven surge in U.S. stocks, and the evolving role of crypto exchanges. Didier posits that the recent BTC decline stems less from macro factors or ETF outflows, and more from market repricing due to MicroStrategy's new financial structure. Following a wave of preferred stock and debt issuance (STRC, STRZ, etc.), MicroStrategy must now manage cash flow to pay dividends, potentially leading to a market expectation of sustained, small-scale BTC sales to maintain its "per-share bitcoin neutral" principle. Didier views this as a financial "experiment" testing market capacity for such recurring sell pressure, which, while creating near-term structural headwinds, likely avoids a true "death spiral" absent major new external shocks. Shifting to AI, Didier argues that tokens are becoming the new form of labor, with AI models and compute (tokenized inputs) increasingly replacing human roles in execution and middle-management. This drives enterprise efficiency and higher margins, fueling the sustained rally in U.S. semiconductor, data center, and infrastructure stocks. He foresees an emerging "machine economy" where automated agents transact and collaborate on-chain. Regarding crypto exchanges offering U.S. equities, Didier sees this as a natural evolution. With few crypto-native assets generating lasting value, exchanges are pivoting towards real-world assets (RWAs) like stocks and bonds. This doesn't necessarily cannibalize crypto but reflects a maturing industry focusing on blockchain's core utilities: decentralized choice and efficient settlement. He notes that trading logic for crypto natives doesn't need to drastically change, as meme-driven and fundamentalist strategies find analogs in U.S. markets. The "1011 event" (likely referring to a major market crash) severely damaged crypto market liquidity, marking a probable end to the altcoin speculative cycle, with capital flowing towards the deeper liquidity of U.S. markets. For the macro outlook, Didier is cautious about near-term market pressure from potential mega-IPOs (e.g., SpaceX) and the U.S. midterm elections, which could bring more regulatory scrutiny. Long-term, he remains bullish on AI's productivity gains and its convergence with blockchain/Web3, predicting a shift from speculative frenzy to a more institutionalized, industrial phase for the crypto sector.

marsbitHace 41 min(s)

Conversation with Investor Zheng Di: MicroStrategy's Coin Sale Experiment, AI Economy, and Opportunities in US Stocks

marsbitHace 41 min(s)

Playnance’s $GCOIN Lists on KoinBX Amid Rapid Growth in India

Playnance's native token, $GCOIN, has been listed on the cryptocurrency exchange KoinBX as of June 18. This move aims to enhance accessibility for its rapidly growing community, particularly in India, where the blockchain-powered Web3 iGaming ecosystem has gained significant traction. Over 130 partners in Playnance's "Be the Boss" program have built communities engaging thousands of active players in the region. The "Be the Boss" model allows participants to create and manage their own gaming communities, earning rewards tied to community activity. CEO Pini Peter noted India's high engagement, with community leaders successfully building player networks. One partner, Dr. Nicolas, reported earning over $57,000 through the program in recent months, highlighting both the financial rewards and the opportunity to grow an engaged community. $GCOIN serves as the ecosystem's core utility token, incentivizing participation and aligning the interests of players and community leaders ("Bosses"). The listing on KoinBX is part of Playnance's strategy to expand globally, increasing the token's utility and accessibility by combining community ownership, gamified engagement, and blockchain-based incentives. Founded in 2020, Playnance is a Web3 iGaming infrastructure company focused on creating live, non-custodial, on-chain products to onboard mainstream users. It currently processes approximately one million transactions daily, aiming to simplify the user experience while maintaining full on-chain transparency.

TheNewsCryptoHace 1 hora(s)

Playnance’s $GCOIN Lists on KoinBX Amid Rapid Growth in India

TheNewsCryptoHace 1 hora(s)

STRC Hits Historic Low, Saylor's Perpetual Motion Machine Grinds to a Halt

STRC, the perpetual preferred stock issued by MicroStrategy to fund its Bitcoin purchases, hit a historic low of $85.32, a 17% discount to its $100 par value. Designed as a "digital credit engine" to trade stably near par and enable continuous share issuance for buying Bitcoin, its plunge signals a breakdown in this model. Three key factors drove the decline: 1. Bitcoin's price fell over 50% from its peak, trading around $63,000 amid hawkish Fed signals. 2. MicroStrategy's cash reserves were depleted after a $1.5 billion convertible note repayment, slashing the dividend coverage for STRC's 11.5% yield to ~7 months. The company then sold 32 BTC to cover dividends—Michael Saylor's first Bitcoin sale since 2022—damaging the "never sell" narrative. 3. A competing Bitcoin-backed preferred stock, Strive's SATA, offers a higher yield (~13%) and daily dividends, drawing investors away from STRC. The drop triggers a negative cycle: STRC below par halts ATM share issuances, cutting off a key funding source for Bitcoin buys and potentially forcing more BTC sales for dividends, further eroding confidence. While Saylor argues the model is mathematically sound—needing only 2.3% annual Bitcoin growth to sustain itself—the market is testing the resilience of the leveraged Bitcoin treasury strategy in a bear market. The STRC price now reflects rising skepticism about this financial machinery's durability during downturns.

marsbitHace 1 hora(s)

STRC Hits Historic Low, Saylor's Perpetual Motion Machine Grinds to a Halt

marsbitHace 1 hora(s)

Trading

Spot

Futuros

Artículos destacados

Cómo comprar ZK

¡Bienvenido a HTX.com! Hemos hecho que comprar ZKsync (ZK) sea simple y conveniente. Sigue nuestra guía paso a paso para iniciar tu viaje de criptos.Paso 1: crea tu cuenta HTXUtiliza tu correo electrónico o número de teléfono para registrarte y obtener una cuenta gratuita en HTX. Experimenta un proceso de registro sin complicaciones y desbloquea todas las funciones.Obtener mi cuentaPaso 2: ve a Comprar cripto y elige tu método de pagoTarjeta de crédito/débito: usa tu Visa o Mastercard para comprar ZKsync (ZK) al instante.Saldo: utiliza fondos del saldo de tu cuenta HTX para tradear sin problemas.Terceros: hemos agregado métodos de pago populares como Google Pay y Apple Pay para mejorar la comodidad.P2P: tradear directamente con otros usuarios en HTX.Over-the-Counter (OTC): ofrecemos servicios personalizados y tipos de cambio competitivos para los traders.Paso 3: guarda tu ZKsync (ZK)Después de comprar tu ZKsync (ZK), guárdalo en tu cuenta HTX. Alternativamente, puedes enviarlo a otro lugar mediante transferencia blockchain o utilizarlo para tradear otras criptomonedas.Paso 4: tradear ZKsync (ZK)Tradear fácilmente con ZKsync (ZK) en HTX's mercado spot. Simplemente accede a tu cuenta, selecciona tu par de trading, ejecuta tus trades y monitorea en tiempo real. Ofrecemos una experiencia fácil de usar tanto para principiantes como para traders experimentados.

532 Vistas totalesPublicado en 2024.12.13Actualizado en 2026.06.02

Discusiones

Bienvenido a la comunidad de HTX. Aquí puedes mantenerte informado sobre los últimos desarrollos de la plataforma y acceder a análisis profesionales del mercado. A continuación se presentan las opiniones de los usuarios sobre el precio de ZK (ZK).