监管,预测市场必须翻越的最高壁垒

深潮Publicado a 2025-10-21Actualizado a 2025-10-22

Kalshi 交易量反超 Polymarket 证明,合规并非束缚,而是核心竞争要素。

撰文:c4lvin,Four Pillars

编译:Luffy,Foresight News

TL;TR

  • 预测市场的发展使得合规成为关键竞争优势,Kalshi 的快速崛起便是例证。Polymarket 因美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)制裁被挡在美国市场之外,而拥有正式牌照的 Kalshi 则通过激进营销与市场扩张占据领先地位。

  • 全球监管环境的碎片化制约了预测市场的扩张,其中亚洲国家的保守态度是主要障碍。尽管特朗普政府执政下的美国显现监管放松迹象,但韩国、新加坡、泰国等国要么将预测市场归为非法赌博,要么直接封禁访问。

  • 去中心化与展现预测市场的社会价值,或许是解决保守国家监管问题的关键。通过 EigenLayer 等主体间决策协议降低市场操纵风险,同时强调其作为学术研究工具与经济对冲工具的实用价值,才能明确与赌博划清界限。

监管重塑预测市场格局

数据来源:Dune

今年预测市场生态最显著的变化之一,便是 Kalshi 的迅速崛起。截至今年 3 月,Kalshi 的交易量仅为 Polymarket 的约 1/10,但 8 月之后,其交易量反超 Polymarket,一跃成为市场领导者。

《南方公园》整集都在讲人们在 Kalshi 上交易

Kalshi 增长的直接催化剂,是登上热门动画《南方公园》。今年 9 月,该动画播出一集讽刺预测市场行业的内容,其中重点展示了 Kalshi,还出现角色使用 Kalshi 手机 APP 的场景。剧集播出后,Kalshi 的市场份额大幅攀升,印证了公众关注度能转化为实际用户增长。

但这种激进营销得以实现的根本原因,在于 Kalshi 的监管合规地位。Polymarket 因 CFTC 制裁被禁止向美国用户提供服务,而拥有合法牌照的 Kalshi 则可独占美国市场。此时,合规不再只是规避法律风险的手段,更成为支撑激进营销与合作的战略资产。

Kalshi 的案例证明,在预测市场中,合规并非束缚,而是核心竞争要素。但目前社区内对预测市场监管的讨论仍十分有限,本文旨在剖析预测市场复杂的监管环境,以及应对监管所需的努力。

预测市场监管与主流平台应对策略

当前预测市场的监管框架

在美国,预测市场由 CFTC 监管,需遵循《商品交易法》。预测市场提供的服务在法律上被归类为 事件合约或二元期权—— 本质是衍生品,收益取决于标的事件是否发生,最终要么获得固定金额,要么收益为 0。

当前预测市场需满足多维度合规要求:

  • 《商品交易法》合规:需具备公平治理机制、监督体系与反欺诈措施,所有交易所需提交详细规则手册并获得审批,确保核心原则落地。

  • 事件类型限制:禁止涉及恐怖主义、暗杀、战争、博彩或非法活动的市场;经济指标、天气相关合约通常被允许。

  • 监管监督委员会:需设立监管监督委员会,成员需无违法记录,负责监督监管程序、人员管理与年度报告编制。

  • 交易数据存储:根据 CFTC 规定,所有交易数据需存储在可访问的数据库中,保存期限不少于 5 年。

  • 防范市场操纵:《商品交易法》严禁非竞争性交易、洗盘交易、幌骗交易、抢先交易等行为,平台需搭建精密系统以检测并防范此类操作。

此外,所有预测市场交易所需设立纪律委员会与上诉委员会,确保流程公平;同时必须建立市场结果判定机制,明确事件结果的确认方式。

在结果判定机制上,Kalshi 与 Polymarket 采取了不同路径:

  • Kalshi 采用中心化模式:由自身设立的结果审核委员会做出最终判定。

  • Polymarket 采用去中心化模式:引入名为 UMA Oracle 的系统,采用乐观判定机制——如果 2 小时质疑期内无争议,提议结果自动生效;如果有争议,则由 UMA 代币持有者投票解决。

监管模糊地带

将预测市场归为赌博,导致监管边界模糊。其中《非法互联网赌博执法法案》(UIGEA)与 CFTC 监管的冲突尤为突出:尽管 UIGEA 将 CFTC 监管活动排除在制裁范围外,但这也为监管套利创造了空间,平台可能借此规避州级赌博法规与税收。

2025 年 10 月,宾夕法尼亚州博彩控制委员会就联邦衍生品法律与州级博彩监管权的冲突向国会发出警告,凸显联邦与州级监管冲突的潜在风险。

体育、娱乐相关市场的监管冲突更为尖锐。2025 年 1 月,Kalshi 推出体育类预测市场后,内华达州、新泽西州、马里兰州等 6 个州立即发布停止令,称 Kalshi 的服务属于无牌博彩,违反州级赌博法;而 Kalshi 则援引联邦优先原则回应,主张联邦监管权优先于州级监管。

预测市场平台面临的监管挑战

Polymarket

来源:Cointelegraph

Polymarket 自 2020 年 6 月上线后快速增长,但 2022 年 1 月收到 CFTC 严厉处罚:因未注册为交易所,需支付 140 万美元罚款,并禁止向美国用户提供服务。此后两年,Polymarket 仅对非美国地区开放。

CFTC 判定,Polymarket 的服务属于《商品交易法》定义的掉期合约,仅能在指定合约市场(DCM) 等注册交易所交易。

2024 年 11 月,联邦调查局(FBI)突袭了 CEO Shayne Coplan 的住所,怀疑 Polymarket 仍向美国用户开放服务。但 2025 年 7 月局势出现逆转,Polymarket 收购了持有 CFTC 牌照的衍生品交易所 QCX LLC,借此获得 DCM 牌照与衍生品清算组织(DCO)牌照。同年 9 月,Polymarket 就「掉期数据报告和记录保存要求」获得 CFTC 的无行动函,正式重返美国市场。

Kalshi

与 Polymarket 不同,Kalshi 从成立之初就选择了完全合规的路径。2020 年 11 月 5 日,Kalshi 成为美国历史上首家 仅专注于事件合约交易且获得 CFTC 批准 DCM 资质的平台。

来源:CFTC

但在 2023 年 6 月,Kalshi 自行认证并推出「国会控制权」相关市场后,CFTC 提出异议,认为此类市场属于对赛事下注,违反州级法律,且不符合公共利益。Kalshi 于同年 11 月向联邦法院提起诉讼,并在 2024 年 9 月胜诉;CFTC 撤回上诉后,Kalshi 彻底摆脱了这一监管障碍。

胜诉后,Kalshi 激进扩张体育预测市场:2025 年 1 月,在全美 50 个州推出美国国家橄榄球联盟(NFL)、国家冰球联盟(NHL)、国家篮球协会(NBA)与全美大学体育协会(NCAA)相关市场。仅 「疯狂三月」(NCAA 篮球锦标赛)期间,交易量就突破 5 亿美元。但随后内华达州、新泽西州等 6 个州再次发布停止令,Kalshi 仍以联邦优先原则回应,并在 2025 年 5 月获得新泽西州联邦法院的支持。

其他平台案例

除 Polymarket 与 Kalshi 外,多家预测市场交易所均受到美国政府监管:

  • PredictIt:2014 年源于新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学的研究项目,曾获得 CFTC 无行动函,但受严格限制(每份合约最大投注 850 美元,每份合约最多 5000 名交易者)。2022 年 8 月,CFTC 撤回无行动函要求其关闭;经过长期诉讼,PredictIt 于 2025 年 7 月胜诉,同年 9 月获得 DCM 牌照,正式成为合规衍生品交易所。

  • Crypto.com:2025 年 9 月获得保证金衍生品牌照后,通过与 Underdog 合作,在 16 个州推出体育预测市场,但面临州级挑战(如在内华达州法院败诉)。

  • Railbird:新兴预测市场平台,2025 年 8 月获得无行动函,获准在 B2B 风险对冲的狭窄范围内运营。

美国预测市场的监管放松氛围

尽管美国政府曾以极严格标准监管预测市场平台,但特朗普政府执政后,监管环境发生根本性转变:

  • 特朗普本人在 Truth Social 上发布 Polymarket 赔率,显示个人关注;

  • 小唐纳德・特朗普担任 Kalshi 的付费顾问,同时是 Polymarket 的董事会成员与投资者,其旗下公司 1789 Capital 向 Polymarket 投资数千万美元;

  • 2025 年 9 月 29 日,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)主席 Paul Atkins 与 CFTC 代理主席 Caroline Pham 宣布 「全面协调计划」,表示将跨辖区审查事件合约的发展机会,并防范监管漏洞。

全球监管环境碎片化

尽管预测市场在美国逐渐走向合法化,但其他地区却朝着相反方向发展。这种监管碎片化给全球平台带来严峻挑战,其中亚洲市场的保守态度对预测市场的全球扩张制约尤为明显。

亚洲国家对预测市场的态度

韩国:严格禁止,视为非法赌博

韩国监管机构对预测市场平台采取 极保守态度:所有博彩市场均受《国家体育振兴法》监管,仅韩国体育振兴公社运营的 Sports Toto 为合法博彩平台,其他博彩网站均属非法,用户与运营者均可能面临处罚。

合法的 Sports Toto 仅允许对极有限的体育赛事下注,且受政府严格监管,单注最高金额仅 10 万韩元(约合 70 美元)。

来源:韩国媒体《每日经济新闻》

2025 年初前总统尹锡悦弹劾危机期间,Polymarket 上出现大量韩国政治事件相关合约,引发韩国公众与媒体对预测市场的广泛关注。韩国媒体一致将 Polymarket 定义为非法私营 Toto,并强调根据韩国现行法律,韩国公民参与预测市场下注,可能被视为赌博罪加以处罚。

新加坡:封禁平台,重罚用户

新加坡同样将预测市场归为赌博。2025 年 1 月,新加坡政府采取强硬措施,全面封禁 Polymarket,依据《赌博管制法》将其归类为无牌在线赌博运营商。根据该法律,使用无牌赌博平台的用户最高可被罚款 1 万新元(约合 7200 美元),并面临最长 6 个月监禁。

泰国:以加密货币使用为由封禁

2025 年 1 月,泰国科技犯罪抑制局在新闻发布会上宣布准备封禁 Polymarket,理由是该平台使用加密货币,违反赌博法。

可见,亚洲国家对预测市场仍采取极保守态度。考虑到亚洲在加密货币市场中的份额,这将成为预测市场平台未来扩张的关键制约因素。

西方国家监管案例

法国:2024 年 11 月封禁 Polymarket。法国国家博彩管理局判定,Polymarket 在未获得法国牌照的情况下提供在线博彩服务,并明确 「即使使用加密货币,博彩活动在法国仍属非法」。

加拿大:依据 2017 年「禁止散户投资者交易期限 30 天以内二元期权」的规定,禁止预测市场使用。2025 年 4 月,安大略省证券委员会与 Polymarket 相关公司达成和解,Polymarket 承认在加拿大存在违规行为,需支付 20 万加元(约合 15 万美元)罚款。

英国:态度相对开放。英国金融行为监管局正与 Robinhood 探讨将预测市场引入英国,Robinhood 表示英国与欧洲对预测市场产品的需求最为强烈。

结论:预测市场的未来,通过去中心化突破监管壁垒

综上,预测市场的全球监管环境因地区性政策差异与法律解读分歧而高度复杂。这种碎片化不仅制约了预测市场平台的全球用户扩张,也影响其稳定运营。

尽管去中心化预测市场协议试图通过区块链技术实现无国界交易,但各国监管机构仍以国内法律优先,通过 「域名封禁」「直接制裁运营者」 等方式限制平台运营与用户访问。

目前,Polymarket、Kalshi 等平台虽成功开拓美国市场,但亚洲等全球市场的潜力不容忽视。如果无法覆盖占加密货币交易量相当比例的亚洲市场,预测市场的真正全球化将遥不可及。

要实现预测市场的全球扩张,至少需解决严格监管的根源问题,甚至可在监管沙盒中试点推广。

预测市场目前面临严格监管的主要原因是:

  • 市场操纵风险:当前多数预测市场存在此问题 —— 投票结果实时披露可能引发从众效应,大额资金持有者可主导初始趋势;此外,如果结果判定由少数人控制或缺乏透明度,操纵风险更无法排除。

  • 可能扭曲公众舆论:如果通过大额资金注入可操纵概率,预测市场反而可能扭曲公众舆论,间接影响实际事件结果,这在政治、社会事件中尤为敏感。

  • 与赌博的边界模糊:由于预测市场本质是对事件概率下注,许多监管机构直接将其归为赌博。

值得注意的是,除与赌博的边界模糊外,前两个问题可通过去中心化部分解决。例如,采用 EigenLayer 等主体间决策协议的去中心化预言机系统,可大幅提升结果判定的透明度与抗操纵能力。通过经济激励机制鼓励多个验证者如实报告结果,同时以惩罚机制打击恶意行为,可显著降低市场操纵风险。尽管 UMA 协议等现有治理型判定机制的公平性仍受质疑,但 EigenLayer 通过「质疑与惩罚机制」「可分叉代币系统」 等措施,针对 「疑似操纵」 问题提供了更公平的解决方案。

而与赌博的边界问题则需要长期战略应对,仅靠技术方案无法解决,需证明预测市场社会价值。例如,爱荷华电子市场、Good Judgment Project 等学术类预测市场,在政治、经济预测中已展现出比传统民调更高的准确性。基于这些成功案例,需持续传递核心观点:预测市场并非单纯赌博,而是利用集体智慧的信息聚合机制。

自 1848 年芝加哥谷物期货诞生以来,衍生品市场已从农产品稳步扩张至金融资产。在社交媒体时代,将个人观点与预测归为新型资产类别,并基于此推出事件合约,或许是市场发展的自然演进。正如 Kalshi 联合创始人 Mansour 所言,预测市场是对冲的民主化—— 它为个人投资者或中小企业提供了可及性高、成本低的风险对冲工具。

预测市场的未来,取决于监管机构、平台运营者与技术开发者之间的建设性对话与合作。我们需要的不是无条件禁止,而是平衡的监管框架—— 既接纳创新,又保护消费者。长期来看,完全禁止预测市场的国家与在合规框架下培育预测市场的国家,将在信息效率与金融创新上显现显著竞争力差异。

期待预测市场能摆脱单纯投机工具的标签,成为现代经济中管理不确定性、利用集体智慧的核心基础设施。

Lecturas Relacionadas

Anthropic and OpenAI Have Single-Handedly Severed the Logic of Pre-IPO Stock Tokenization

The pre-IPO stock token market is experiencing significant turmoil following strong statements from AI giants Anthropic and OpenAI. Both companies have updated their official policies, declaring that any transfer of their company shares—including sales, transfers, or assignments of share interests—without prior board approval is "invalid" and will not be recognized in their corporate records. This means buyers in such unauthorized transactions would not be recognized as shareholders and would have no shareholder rights. A major point of contention is the use of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), which are legal entities commonly used by pre-IPO token platforms to pool investor funds and indirectly acquire shares from employees or early investors. The companies explicitly state they do not permit SPVs to acquire their shares, and any such transfer violates their restrictions. They warn that third parties selling shares through SPVs, direct sales, forward contracts, or stock tokens are likely engaged in fraud or are offering worthless investments due to these transfer limits. This stance directly threatens the core model of many pre-IPO token platforms, which rely on SPV structures. The announcement revealed additional risks within this model, such as complex "SPV-within-SPV" layering that obscures legal transparency, increases management fees, and creates a chain reaction risk of invalidation. Following the news, tokens like ANTHROPIC and OPENAI on platforms like PreStocks fell sharply (over 20%). The market reaction highlights a divergence: while asset-backed pre-IPO tokens plummeted, purely speculative pre-IPO futures contracts, which are bilateral bets on future IPO prices with no claim to actual shares, remained relatively stable as they are unaffected by the transfer restrictions. The industry is split on the implications. Some believe the fundamental logic of pre-IPO token trading is broken if leading companies reject SPV-held shares, potentially causing a domino effect. Others, like Rivet founder Nick Abouzeid, argue that buyers of such unofficial tokens always knowingly accepted the risk of non-recognition by the company. The statements serve as a stark risk warning and a corrective measure for a market where valuations for some AI-related pre-IPO tokens had soared to irrational levels, far exceeding recent funding round valuations.

marsbitHace 28 min(s)

Anthropic and OpenAI Have Single-Handedly Severed the Logic of Pre-IPO Stock Tokenization

marsbitHace 28 min(s)

Anthropic and OpenAI Personally Sever the Logic of Pre-IPO Crypto-Stocks

The pre-IPO token market has been rocked by strong statements from Anthropic and OpenAI. Both AI giants have updated official warnings, declaring that any sale or transfer of their company shares without explicit board approval is "invalid" and will not be recognized on their corporate records. This directly targets Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), the common legal structure used by pre-IPO token platforms. These platforms typically use an SPV to acquire shares from employees or early investors, then issue blockchain-based tokens representing a claim on the SPV's economic benefits. Anthropic and OpenAI's position means that if an SPV's share purchase lacked authorization, the underlying asset could be deemed worthless, nullifying the token's value. Anthropic explicitly warned that any third party selling its shares—via direct sales, forwards, or tokens—is likely fraudulent or offering a valueless investment. The crackdown highlights risks in the popular SPV model, including complex multi-layered "Russian doll" SPV structures that obscure legal ownership, add fees, and concentrate risk. If one layer is invalidated, the entire chain could collapse. Following the announcements, tokens like ANTHROPIC and OPENAI on platforms like PreStocks fell sharply (over 20%). In contrast, purely speculative pre-IPO prediction contracts remained stable, as they involve no actual share ownership. The move is seen as a corrective measure amid a market frenzy where some pre-IPO token valuations (e.g., Anthropic's token hitting a $1.4 trillion implied valuation) far exceeded recent official funding rounds. Opinions are split: some believe this undermines the core logic of pre-IPO token trading if top companies reject SPVs, while others argue buyers always assumed this legal risk when accessing unofficial channels. The statements serve as a stark warning and a potential catalyst for market de-leveraging and clearer boundaries.

Odaily星球日报Hace 32 min(s)

Anthropic and OpenAI Personally Sever the Logic of Pre-IPO Crypto-Stocks

Odaily星球日报Hace 32 min(s)

The Waged Worker Driven to Poverty by AI Subscriptions

"AI Membership: The Hidden Cost Pushing Workers Toward 'Poverty'" The widespread corporate push for AI adoption is creating a hidden financial burden for employees. Companies, from giants like Alibaba to small firms, are mandating AI use, often tying token consumption to KPIs, but frequently refuse to cover the costs. Workers are forced to pay for subscriptions out of pocket to stay competitive and avoid being replaced. Front-end developer Long Shen spends up to 2000 RMB monthly on tools like Cursor and ChatGPT Plus, seeing it as a necessary 3% salary investment to handle 90% of his coding tasks. While it boosted his performance and led to promotions, he now faces idle time at work, pretending to be busy. Designer Peng Peng navigates strict company firewalls by using personal devices and accounts for AI image generation tools like Midjourney, spending hundreds monthly without reimbursement, while her boss demands faster, more numerous revisions. The pressure creates workplace anxiety and suspicion. Programmer Li Huahua, after a friend's experience of raised KPIs following AI success, fears being branded a "traitor" for using it yet worries about falling behind if she doesn't. The dynamic allows management to demand results without understanding the tools or covering expenses, treating employees like AI "agents." While some, like entrepreneur Jin Tu, find high value in paid AI, building entire systems and winning competitions, for most, it's a trap. Free tools like Kimi and Doubao are introducing fees, closing off alternatives. The initial efficiency gains individual advantage, but as AI becomes ubiquitous, the personal edge disappears, workloads increase, and a cycle of dependency begins. Workers like Long Shen realize they cannot maintain AI-generated code without AI, making stopping harder than continuing to pay. The tool promising liberation is instead becoming a compulsory, costly chain in the modern workplace.

marsbitHace 1 hora(s)

The Waged Worker Driven to Poverty by AI Subscriptions

marsbitHace 1 hora(s)

SK Hynix's Trillion-Won Empire: The Successors

"SK Hynix's Trillion-Won Empire and Its Heirs" explores the unconventional succession narrative within SK Group, South Korea's second-largest conglomerate, following SK Hynix's dramatic market rise. Unlike traditional chaebol scripts prioritizing the eldest son, ownership, and political marriages, Chairman Choi Tae-won's three children from his first marriage are charting distinct paths. The eldest daughter, Choi Yun-jeong, is considered the most visible candidate. With a background in biology, consulting, and a PhD, she holds executive roles at SK Bioscience and SK Inc.'s growth strategy unit, focusing on biopharma and new businesses. Her marriage is to an AI infrastructure entrepreneur, not a traditional chaebol heir. The second daughter, Choi Min-jeong, took a unique route by voluntarily serving as a South Korean naval officer, including a tour in the Gulf of Aden. She later worked on policy and strategy for SK Hynix in Washington D.C. before co-founding an AI-driven healthcare startup in San Francisco. She married a former U.S. Marine Corps officer, connecting the family to U.S. defense and policy networks. The son, Choi In-geun, who has Type 1 diabetes, followed a more classic preparatory path with a physics degree and a stint at SK E&S but left to join McKinsey's Seoul office. He remains publicly silent and holds no SK shares, defying the traditional "crown prince" archetype. Their paths unfold against the backdrop of their parents' high-profile, contentious divorce and a record-setting asset division lawsuit. The article argues that as SK Hynix becomes a geopolitical asset in the AI era, the conventional rules of chaebol inheritance are changing. The heirs are being groomed not simply to take over, but to navigate a complex global landscape defined by AI, biotech, geopolitics, and policy, forging legitimacy through their own expertise and networks rather than birth order alone.

marsbitHace 1 hora(s)

SK Hynix's Trillion-Won Empire: The Successors

marsbitHace 1 hora(s)

Trading

Spot
Futuros
活动图片