让养老钱买加密货币,是打开机遇门还是风险潘多拉?

深潮TechFlowPublicado a 2025-08-17Actualizado a 2025-08-19

Resumen

指导特朗普总统决策的唯一特殊利益是美国人民的最大利益。

撰文:Antoine Gara, Jamie John, Eric Platt
编译:Block unicorn


近日,唐纳德·特朗普为私募股权和加密货币行业打开了来自美国退休储蓄者的数万亿美元新投资的大门,这可能会重塑 9000 万美国人的财务未来,并加速资产管理公司和数字货币集团的增长。


但这项允许 401k 储蓄计划投资于一系列另类资产的命令,也使美国退休人员面临新的风险。


这一举措是在阿波罗全球管理公司和贝莱德集团等私人资本集团的强烈游说之后出台的,这些集团认为,加入这些退休计划是吸引数千亿美元利润丰厚资产的途径。


预计该措施将使退休基金能够投资于一系列未上市的投资,从企业收购和私人贷款到基础设施交易。这可能会使它们面临更高的费用和更低的透明度。在这些 401k 计划中持有的 9 万亿美元资产中,部分可能会被引导至难以估值和出售的资产,而这些资产与目前占退休计划绝大多数的传统股票和债券不同。


毕马威审计部门全球资产管理主管肖恩·麦基表示:「另类投资的大门比以往任何时候都要更加敞开。」他补充说:「许多领导者将看到这是一个商业模式的机遇。」


Better Markets 的证券政策主任本杰明·施弗林警告说,此举对 401k 计划持有者来说是「坏事」。他说:「散户投资者将面临一种完全不同的资产类型,而他们未必会意识到这一点。」


收购集团一直在努力出售数万亿美元的投资并为投资者带来回报。这促使养老基金和基金会从该行业撤退,切断了重要的现金来源。贝莱德等大型私人资本集团转而将其未来增长寄托于管理退休人员和富裕个人的储蓄。


华尔街成功说服特朗普签署了这项命令,这将为该行业提供重要的政治和法律保障,因为他们希望说服 401k 计划的管理者将其基金纳入投资计划。根据他们的财务披露,阿波罗、凯雷和贝莱德进行了强烈的游说活动。


其他集团,如贝莱德,则通过行业协会展开工作。


该行业的一些最有影响力的领导者——包括阿波罗负责人马克·罗文——公开支持这一努力。


罗文及其同行公开表示,没有进入私募市场的 401k 储户就会错失了多样化和高回报的潜力。


罗文在 2 月表示:「我们基本上将国家的退休系统押注在英伟达上,」他指的是 401k 储蓄高度集中在少数科技股主导的指数基金上。本周,他重申了开放 401k 市场给私人投资的呼吁,称这是「常识」。


据知情人士透露,受许多大型私募股权集团青睐的颇具影响力的游说团体固定缴款替代协会 (Defined Contribution Alternatives Association), 甚至在华盛顿声称,401k 计划可能会因未提供私募股权交易的更高回报而被起诉。

凯雷首席执行官哈维·施瓦茨表示,这项命令「早就该出台」,因为「富有的客户早已能够进入这一领域」。


贝莱德表示,将私人投资添加到退休计划中将「确保数百万美国人构建更强大、更多样化的投资组合」。


据一位官员透露,在白宫,特朗普的国家经济委员会和经济顾问委员会充当了私人资本行业与总统之间的联络人。副幕僚长斯蒂芬·米勒的办公室协助起草了这项命令。


一位高级顾问表示,政府对加密货币的兴趣在将这项命令提交到总统办公桌上发挥了作用,并指出其在白宫的受欢迎程度。


特朗普将数字资产的去监管作为其政府的中心议题,并认为该行业帮助他赢得了 2024 年的总统选举。由特朗普家族控制的实体最近也向加密货币投资了数十亿美元。


私募股权行业的一些人担心,这项命令会将他们的基金与较新的、更具投机性的加密货币联系起来,尤其是在 401k 计划因数字资产投资而遭受惨痛损失的情况下。但据知情人士透露,他们认为这是一种可以接受的权衡。


虽然没有明确规定禁止投资另类资产,但 401k 计划管理者一直对投资这些资产持谨慎态度。大多数管理者担心因投资这些基金而面临员工的诉讼,这既因为这些基金的高费用,也因为许多策略采用的较高杠杆。


Simpson Thacher & Bartlett 的合伙人拉吉布·钱达表示:「这些诉讼成本很高,存在许多和解案例,但原告在法庭上获胜的情况非常少。」他补充说,这种担忧「无论诉讼的依据如何,都产生了巨大的寒蝉效应」。


特朗普指示政府机构为 401k 计划管理者提供便利,使其更容易提供私人投资,部分措施包括加入旨在遏制针对私人投资策略的诉讼的条款。
白宫副新闻秘书库什·德赛表示:「指导特朗普总统决策的唯一特殊利益是美国人民的最大利益。」


「总统的历史性行政命令兑现了他的承诺,通过让另类资产类别民主化,现代化并扩大普通美国人的退休投资选择,从而再次让美国变得富裕。」


现在焦点转向负责监督和执行 1974 年法律的劳工部,该法律为提供 401k 福利的公司设定了标准。


资产管理公司正竞相准备 401k 产品,以迎接预计在未来六个月内发布的劳工部指导意见。许多公司已宣布合作关系,将在目标日期基金中提供私人投资,由专业人士为几十年的退休计划选择资产。这些基金将混合投资于公开交易的股票和债券以及更为不透明的私人资产。


其他公司则更直接地提供私人投资渠道,但要求公司为希望投资的 401k 参与者提供顾问服务


美国第二大退休计划提供商 Empower 在 5 月表示,将与阿波罗、 Goldman Sachs 资产管理公司和 Partners Group 等合作,为退休计划提供私人资产投资渠道。


一个月后,贝莱德集团表示将为 401k 投资提供商 Great Gray Trust 提供混合公共和私人投资的目标日期基金。此外,贝莱德集团还在开发包含私人资产的自己的目标日期基金。


其他合作关系也已出现。贝莱德集团与 Vanguard 和 Wellington Management 建立了「战略联盟」,为退休人员创建公私混合基金,而 KKR 和 Capital Group 正在探索创建跨越公私领域的模型投资组合和目标日期基金。


前财政部官员、现经营政策咨询集团 Highland Global 的迈克尔·佩德罗尼表示,关于美国家庭愿意为获取私人资产支付多少额外费用的「大问题」仍未解决,这些资产的识别和管理成本更高,因此费用也更高。


「目前,美国人习惯于为他们的 401k 支付 30 至 50 个基点的费用。如果费用上升到 80 个基点,他们愿意支付吗?」

Lecturas Relacionadas

How the CLARITY Act Reshapes the Stablecoin Yield Economy

The CLARITY Act, recently advanced by the U.S. Senate Banking Committee, fundamentally reshapes the stablecoin yield economy by closing loopholes left by the earlier GENIUS Act. Its Section 404 expands the ban on "hold-to-earn" rewards to all Digital Asset Service Providers (DASPs) and their affiliates, prohibiting any passive, interest-like yield. Crucially, it introduces a legal distinction, permitting "use-to-earn" rewards based on actual activities like spending, trading, or staking. In anticipation of this regulatory shift, major Wall Street asset managers—Morgan Stanley, BlackRock, and JPMorgan—have launched a series of tokenized money market funds (e.g., BlackRock's BRSRV, JPMorgan's JLTXX) designed explicitly for stablecoin reserve assets. These products represent a new, compliant yield layer: the stablecoin issuer earns interest from the underlying tokenized fund, which can then be passed to users through redesigned activity-based rewards. This marks a paradigm shift from a "hold-to-earn" to a "use-to-earn" market. While pathways remain for exchanges to redesign rewards (Path A) and for DeFi protocols to offer yield (Path B), the tokenized reserve asset layer (Path C) emerges as the most robust and strategically positioned infrastructure. However, this concentration—exemplified by BlackRock's BUIDL fund backing over 90% of USDtb's reserves—introduces new systemic risks. The final outcome hinges on regulatory decisions, particularly the OCC's proposed 20% cap on tokenized assets in reserves, which will determine the scalability of this new financial infrastructure layer.

marsbitHace 21 min(s)

How the CLARITY Act Reshapes the Stablecoin Yield Economy

marsbitHace 21 min(s)

Kalshi and Coinbase Receive CFTC Approval, Ushering in the Most Regulation-Friendly Era for the Crypto Industry?

The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) took two landmark actions on May 29. It approved Kalshi's application to list a Bitcoin perpetual futures contract and issued a no-action letter to Coinbase Financial Markets. This allows Coinbase to offer certain perpetual futures products to U.S. customers through a subsidiary, with digital assets permitted as collateral. These moves, coupled with a new CFTC policy statement, provide a clearer regulatory pathway for perpetual contracts in the U.S., moving them from a regulatory gray area. CFTC Chair Mike Selig stated this is a key step for U.S. crypto leadership but noted the policy is not yet permanent. The article explains that CFTC's previous reluctance stemmed from legal ambiguities, as perpetual contracts lack an expiration date. However, such contracts dominate global crypto derivatives, accounting for ~78% of centralized exchange volume in 2025, forcing U.S. regulators to adapt to competition from offshore platforms like Hyperliquid. The approvals offer two compliance paths: Kalshi's direct listing and Coinbase's model using foreign futures. This is expected to attract institutional capital back to regulated U.S. venues, stimulate the launch of more products like ETH perpetuals, and enhance U.S. competitiveness in the global crypto derivatives market. The author suggests this may signal a "regulatorily friendly" era for crypto.

marsbitHace 4 hora(s)

Kalshi and Coinbase Receive CFTC Approval, Ushering in the Most Regulation-Friendly Era for the Crypto Industry?

marsbitHace 4 hora(s)

Sharplink CEO: Ethereum's Future Is Playing Out Now

This article presents a perspective from Joseph Chalom, CEO of Sharplink and a former BlackRock executive. He argues that current controversies surrounding the Ethereum Foundation (EF) and ETH's price miss the bigger picture for institutional adoption. Chalom asserts that Ethereum is decisively winning in the three key attributes institutions value most: trust, security, and liquidity. He cites its dominance in stablecoin settlement, tokenized real-world assets (RWA), and high-value DeFi as evidence. This success is attributed to the EF's consistent, long-term protocol development over a decade, including major upgrades like The Merge and a robust future roadmap. He defends Ethereum's decentralization as a core strength, not a weakness, stating institutions require a neutral infrastructure not controlled by any single entity. Comparing ETH to Amazon, Chalom suggests critics focusing on short-term price are missing its potential to become the foundational settlement layer for the entire global financial system. The article encourages a contrarian "be greedy when others are fearful" investment approach, drawing parallels to Warren Buffett's strategy and BlackRock's continued investment during crypto winters. Chalom concludes that while the EF correctly focuses on core protocol attributes (CROPS: Censorship Resistance, Capture Resistance, Open Source, Privacy, Security), a leadership gap exists in market-facing narrative and institutional adoption. He calls for ecosystem participants, including his own firm Sharplink, to become more vocal advocates to support Ethereum's impending "supercycle" of institutional adoption.

链捕手Hace 4 hora(s)

Sharplink CEO: Ethereum's Future Is Playing Out Now

链捕手Hace 4 hora(s)

Deconstructing the Investment Methodology of the 'Stock God Serenity' in One Article

"Serenity's Bottleneck Investment Methodology: A Deep Dive" This article dissects the "bottleneck point investment" strategy of the pseudonymous investor Serenity, known for exceptional returns (YTD 4502.45%). The core methodology involves identifying a major technological trend (e.g., AI compute expansion), mapping its supply chain, and investing early in the most irreplaceable, supply-constrained upstream component before the market fully values it. The framework is broken down into a five-factor model: 1. **Deterministic Demand**: Anchored in a large, validated trend. 2. **Constrained Supply**: The component must be difficult to replicate or scale quickly. 3. **Low Market Attention**: Opportunities exist where coverage is sparse. 4. **Value Capture**: The company must have pricing power, high margins, and customer lock-in. 5. **Catalyst**: A near-term event to trigger price discovery (earnings, customer ramp, etc.). The article provides illustrative examples like $AXTI (InP substrates for photonics), $RPI (edge hardware for AI agents), and $AAOI/$LITE (components for cloud ASICs). To apply this method, a six-step process is outlined: identify the macro trend, map the supply chain, pinpoint the true bottleneck, gather evidence (client wins, certifications), assess risks ("anti-thesis table"), and size the position according to research depth. Crucially, the article notes significant limitations: risk of overfitting inferences from sparse data, valuation challenges for pre-revenue companies, liquidity/reflexivity risks due to Serenity's own market influence, and survivor bias amplified by a strong AI bull market. The key takeaway is to emulate the rigorous research process—finding the trend, the bottleneck, the evidence—rather than blindly copying specific stock picks, emphasizing the discipline of "walking through the narrow gate."

marsbitHace 4 hora(s)

Deconstructing the Investment Methodology of the 'Stock God Serenity' in One Article

marsbitHace 4 hora(s)

Trading

Spot
Futuros
活动图片