浪漫的土耳其,枕头下的稳定币

链捕手Publicado a 2025-07-08Actualizado a 2025-07-08

作者:Bright,Foresight News

 

7 月 5 日,据 Financefeeds 报道,土耳其资本市场委员会(CMB)已采取法律行动,封禁了 46 个加密货币相关网站,其中包括去中心化交易所 PancakeSwap。而 CMB 给出的理由非常简单,即这些平台向土耳其居民提供「未经授权的加密资产服务」。

作为曾经年交易量接近 2000 亿美元的全球第四大加密货币市场、加密货币交易合法化的土耳其,再次收紧了拴在加密市场头上的笼头。

美元

自 2025 年 3 月起,CMB 开始全面监管在土耳其运营的加密资产服务提供商,并对应建立了新的许可和合规框架。同时,24 年 12 月份土耳其政府颁布的加密货币反洗钱法规也已经在 2 月份正式落地,当用户执行超过 15000 土耳其里拉(约 425 美元)的加密货币交易时,就需要向服务提供商提交完整的身份信息。同时,未在平台注册的钱包地址也受到了严格监管,想要使用加密原生功能限制重重。

高通胀下的投石问路

2025 年 3 月 19 日,土耳其伊斯坦布尔市长、总统埃尔多安的竞争对手 Ekrem Imamoglu 被逮捕,引发当地投资者恐慌,土耳其法币里拉(TRY)在下午 4 时左右暴跌 10%,达到新的历史低点 41:1(TRY:USD)。约一小时后,加密市场出现法币避险潮,币安上 BTC/TRY 交易量大幅飙升。

BTC/TRY 交易量

实际上,在土耳其「埃尔多安经济学」——低利率刺激投资、汇率贬值促出口的不断刺激下,土耳其里拉在 5 年间已经剧烈贬值超 80%;极度通胀、国际资本撤离等问题频频重挫土耳其经济。对此,《经济学人》评价到:「他(埃尔多安)试图用兴奋剂治疗癌症。」

K线

对此,土耳其民间其实早有应对之策,即「床垫下的黄金」。2024 年三季度,据土耳其央行估计,土耳其家庭拥有总价值超 3110 亿美元的实物黄金,对比之下,土耳其央行仅有价值 865 亿美元的黄金储备。2025 年 1 月至 4 月,土耳其的经常账户赤字 203 亿美元,而该数据在一年前是 145 亿美元,其中有 62.7 亿美元可以归因于黄金贸易。这些黄金在流入土耳其国内后便消失在私人家庭中,不再进行流通。

而自 22 年起,除开黄金,土耳其投资者迅速转向加密货币,以寻求更稳定、更便捷的价值储存方式。尽管比特币在 2022 年受美联储加息、FTX 崩盘等因素影响陷入熊市, 全年下跌 64%。但发现新大陆的土耳其投资者依旧在加密市场中非常活跃,DOGE 成为土耳其市场最受欢迎的交易资产之一,在 2022 年 10 月至 11 月间,其交易量甚至超过 BTC 和 ETH 总和,达到 3.8 亿美元。尽管埃尔多安政府在早期警告公众远离加密货币,但当地居民已然将加密货币视作抗通胀工具。

此后,土耳其当局也加入了推动加密货币广泛使用的浪潮,以摆脱对外部经济体、对 SWIFT 的依赖,并寻求金融系统的自主性和稳定性。

拥抱欧盟合规化但已显落伍

土耳其提出加密货币合法化的背景复杂多样。一方面,加密货币市场的快速增长和全球范围内的监管趋势,促使土耳其不得不正视这一新兴金融工具的合法性和监管问题。另一方面,土耳其试图通过加密货币来增强金融包容性,尤其是在那些缺乏银行服务的地区,加密货币借记卡等金融工具可以帮助用户跳过传统银行系统,实现便捷的金融服务。

土耳其政府于 2024 年 12 月 25 日发布公告,明确了新反洗钱法规的主要条款,重点围绕交易门槛设定、风险交易处理和未注册钱包的限制,力求提升加密货币交易的透明度和安全性。

土耳其政府公告

 

该规定的出台恰逢欧洲《加密资产市场监管法案》(MiCA)在 2024 年 12 月 30 日生效,MiCA 被视为全球首个全面覆盖加密资产的监管框架。它对加密资产的发行、服务提供商的授权、运营、储备与赎回管理以及反洗钱(AML)监管等做出了详细规定。此外,MiCA 还整合了《资金转移条例》(TFR)的旅行规则,要求加密资产服务提供商(CASP)在每次转账时包含发送方和接收方信息,以增强可追溯性。

土耳其的监管条例统统照搬。但随着美国逐渐成为加密合规高地、不断为加密行业「松绑」,土耳其的合规化进程已经明显有些赶不上历史进程。

至少在稳定币的应用上,土耳其至今没有任何「松绑」的表示。自 2021 年以来,土耳其政府认可了加密货币的交易属性,但是使用加密货币作为支付工具却一直被禁止。这意味着,虽然投资者可以自由进行交易,但无法将加密货币直接应用于日常消费场景,稳定币超万亿的支付市场依旧搁置。

稳定币

不过,虽然新规对部分交易活动设置了限制,但土耳其政府在加密税收政策上仍然保持开放。土耳其政府并未对加密资产利润征税,而仅征收 0.03% 的交易税,对于交易者相当友好。

综上看来,土耳其和阿根廷等法币高速贬值的国家一样,其加密重心仍是对冲法币贬值风险。土耳其居民对于加密货币的需求更多是将肉眼可见贬值的特里兑换成锚定美元的链上稳定币。毕竟,土耳其央行的外汇储备都已成负数。相较于传统黑市的高费率、低安全性,链上高流动性的稳定币成为了优选的价值存储手段。相比土耳其传统的「床垫下的黄金」储备,「枕头下的稳定币」也已开始吃香。单从 Tron 在土耳其的支付、交易所等一系列专门布局,便足以说明土耳其市场需求量之广。

TRON

不过,对于稳定币跨境支付、股票代币化的应用,土耳其目前还成为不了创新的飞地。

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