《美丽大法案》惊险通关,一览 869 页文本背后的权力角逐

链捕手Publicado a 2025-07-04Actualizado a 2025-07-04

作者:Fairy,ChainCatcher

编辑:TB,ChainCatcher

 

在一场充满压力、拉锯、威胁的马拉松式表决后,美国众议院最终以218票对214票的微弱优势,通过了《美丽大法案》(One Big Beautiful Bill Act)。

这项长达869页的法案曾引发两党激烈争执,并导致特朗普与马斯克“公开决裂”。马斯克甚至扬言一旦通过,将于次日宣布成立“美国新政党”。

据白宫安排,特朗普将于北京时间5日凌晨 5 点签署该法案,这场“财政实验”即将拉开帷幕。

《美丽大法案》的惊险立法路

从最初提出到最终闯关成功,《美丽大法案》的立法之路几经波折。5月中旬,共和党议员便以“预算调和程序”启动立法进程,意图绕开参议院60票的传统门槛,仅凭简单多数推进。

(注:预算调和是一种特殊立法机制,允许与预算相关的法案在参议院仅凭51票通过。目前参议院共和党占53席,民主党占45席。)

5月22日,众议院以215比214的微弱优势通过该法案。投票前,因两党票数差距极小,共和党籍议长约翰逊在最后一刻作出几项修改,满足了部分共和党众议员的要求,但即便如此,投票时民主党全员反对,且共和党内部也有分歧。

6月4日,马斯克公开反对该法案,称之为“令人作呕”,并开始私下游说共和党议员,试图阻止总统签署法案。这使立法博弈进一步发酵,也将法案推向更高舆论热度。(相关阅读:掀翻美股,比特币暴跌,马斯克和特朗普“骂”出金融海啸?

进入参议院后,攻防战愈加激烈。6月29日,书记员通宵宣读长达940页的法案文本,耗时约16小时,成为华盛顿政治罕见场面。7月1日,在副总统万斯投下打破50对50僵局的关键一票后,法案终以51票通过参议院终稿。

7月3日,众议院再度表决参院版本,以218票对214票的相同差距完成最终通过。期间,民主党领袖杰弗里斯为拖延程序,单人演讲达8小时46分钟,创下众议院最长记录。

在整个过程中,特朗普高度介入,多次致电议员、在社交平台公开施压,并点名批评反对者“正在犯下大错”。

谁赢了,谁输了?法案背后的利益版图

最终版的《美丽大法案》长达869页,内容庞杂,最核心的条款聚焦于大规模减税与大幅削减社会福利支出。多项民调显示,美国公众普遍对该法案“并不买账”。


图源:金十数据

在法案的重锤落下,划出了显然的“赢家”与“输家”。

赢家阵营:富人、企业与传统能源

首先明确受益的是高收入群体与大型企业。法案不仅使特朗普2017年实施的个人与公司减税政策永久化,还进一步扩大了对资本利得、遗产税、企业研发支出和股东红利的减税优惠。

美国参议员伯尼·桑德斯披露的数据显示,该法案为最富有的1%的美国人提供9750亿美元的税收减免,同时为最富有的0.2%的美国人提供了2110亿美元的遗产税豁免,大型企业更是收获了9180亿美元的减税大礼。

此外,传统化石能源行业获得“绿灯式”补贴,而电动车、太阳能等清洁能源激励措施却被一刀砍掉——这也是马斯克之所以“暴走”的重要导火索之一。

输家阵营:低收入人群、年轻一代

与上述赢家形成鲜明对比的,是低收入家庭与社会边缘群体所面临的直接冲击。法案削减了超过1万亿美元的政府支出,其中重灾区是医疗补助与食品补助计划。新的参保门槛、工作要求与拨款机制变更,预计将在10年内导致超过1200万人失去医保资格。

根据 CBO 的测算,未来十年内,美国债务将因法案激增3.4万亿美元。这意味着政府将不得不举债更多以填补财政缺口,预计额外利息支出高达6000亿至7000亿美元。这笔沉重的利息负担最终将转嫁给子孙后代,挤压年轻一代在教育、住房等关键领域的投入和福利。

行业大佬眼中的加密机遇

虽然《美丽大法案》并未直接涉及加密货币议题,但业内人士普遍认为其通过对加密市场依然是利好消息。

KOL 加密大漂亮指出,美国每年将大幅增加财政赤字,未来美国国债规模会不断攀升,对比特币而言无疑是重大利好。同时,这项备受争议的法案依然顺利通过,也彰显了特朗普政府在国会中的强大控制力,利好接下来加密政策的通过。

DWF Labs 联合创始人Andrei Grachev的预测更是乐观,他表示随着《美丽大法案》的通过,叠加第四季度传统的市场活跃季节和可能的降息环境,比特币及相关加密股票极有望刷新历史新高。虽然山寨币市场也将部分受益,但中等市值的币种表现预计会相对逊色于比特币。

加密KOL Phyrex分析认为,法案虽未直接利好加密行业,但其背后反映的是美国内部去全球化的财政扩张,全球资本流动的剧烈重构,间接对于加密货币来说会有促进流动性的帮助,尤其是侨汇税会直接推动稳定币市值的上涨。

BitMEX 创始人 Arthur Hayes 则有不同看法。他认为,若特朗普的“大而美法案”通过后,美国财政部一般账户(TGA)补充可能导致美元流动性收紧,比特币将回落至9万至9.5万美元;若补充顺利平稳,比特币将在10万美元区间震荡,短期难突破11.2万美元历史高点。此外,其预计8月底美联储主席鲍威尔讲话前,市场可能横盘或小幅下跌,9月初流动性恢复后,比特币或迎来上涨。

“美丽大法案”落地之际,加密立法也进入加速期。美国众议院共和党领导层已宣布,7 月 14 日当周为“加密货币周”,将审议三项重要数字货币相关法案。(《GENIUS 稳定币法案》、《CLARITY 法案》、限制美联储发行央行数字货币的提案)

风已起,静候回响。

 

推荐阅读:

美国众议院通过《CLARITY 法案》,加密监管新时代的分水岭要来了?

《GENIUS 法案》“死而复生”,对加密行业意味着什么?

掀翻美股,比特币暴跌,马斯克和特朗普“骂”出金融海啸?

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