多家发行商申美国信托牌照,稳定币行业抢滩登陆?

深潮Publicado a 2025-07-03Actualizado a 2025-07-03

短短四日内,两大稳定币巨头接连在美国金融监管体系发起关键合规冲刺。

撰文:Pzai,Foresight News

6 月 30 日,稳定币发行商 Circle 向美国货币监理署(OCC)递交美国信托银行牌照申请,并拟在美国设立一家全国性信托银行;7 月 2 日,Ripple 紧随其后提交了国家银行牌照申请,此前其子公司 Standard Custody 也申请了美联储主账户,意在直接托管 RLUSD 储备。短短四日内,两大稳定币巨头接连在美国金融监管体系发起关键合规冲刺。

作为特朗普任期内的重要金融战略之一,稳定币的支付和美元体系下美债的潜在需求不谋而合。而在稳定币行业迅速落地的当下,为什么稳定币行业青睐美国牌照?

GENIUS 法案催化:联邦牌照成生死门槛

这场牌照争夺战的核心推手,是 6 月中旬美国参议院通过的《GENIUS 法案》(Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Stablecoins Act)。该法案首次系统性规定:稳定币发行方必须成为「被许可的支付稳定币发行方」,且需满足联邦或州级监管要求。

法案中两项关键条款直接驱动了发行商的牌照申请行动:

托管资产隔离要求

  • 合规稳定币的储备资产必须独立托管,禁止与发行人自有资金混用,且仅限投资于现金、短期美债等高流动性资产,杜绝再质押或杠杆操作。

  • 发行人破产时,储备资产作为信托财产优先偿付持币人,优先级高于一般债权人。

金融机构资质门槛

  • 发行方必须持有联邦(OCC/ 美联储 /FDIC)或「实质等同」的州级牌照,未持牌者不得在美运营。

  • 规模分轨监管:稳定币发行量≤100 亿美元可选择州牌照;超限则强制升级联邦牌照,否则需进行缩表。

GENIUS 法案通过「去利息化」(禁止向用户付息)和「技术后门」(强制内置冻结 / 销毁功能)两大设计,将稳定币定位为支付工具而非投资品,同时为执法机构提供合规干预通道。

在稳定币发行商加速融入主流金融体系的进程中,州级与联邦监管体系的分野正深刻重塑行业竞争格局。州级牌照的碎片化监管导致发行商陷入合规困境 —— 以 Ripple 的 RLUSD 为例,即使通过纽约州金融服务部(NYDFS)严苛的 BitLicense 审查,其仍需耗时数月逐州重复申请加州、德州等地的牌照,每州均需要支付 5 万至 20 万美元申请费并组建属地化合规团队。各州监管尺度割裂更造成运营低效:储备资产审计频率从季度到半年不等,披露标准差异显著,而各州之间的监管差异,迫使稳定币业务设计 「就低不就高」。

而 Ripple 本次的 OCC 申请更进一步。其将在现有纽约州金融服务部(NYDFS)监管框架基础上,叠加联邦层级的 OCC 监管,目标直指 「州级 + 联邦」 双重监管架构。若其子公司获得美联储主账户资格,RLUSD 储备将直接存放于美联储体系。从联邦层面拥有储备拍照,大大降低了跨域合规的成本,Ripple 首席执行官 Brad Garlinghouse 也宣称,这将为稳定币市场建立了「信任的新基准」。

2023 年硅谷银行(SVB)危机导致 Circle 因 33 亿美元储备金被困 SVB,市场由此产生恐慌情绪,导致 USDC 短暂脱锚,市场信心几近崩塌。而 Circle 申请国家信托银行牌照的核心目的,是让其获得自主托管储备金的资格,无需依赖商业银行托管,彻底消除 「银行挤兑传染链」 风险。

OCC 不仅实现全国范围一次性准入,更通过三重机制重塑行业生态:稳定币储备金直接存放于央行系统,将彻底消除商业银行倒闭风险,实现实时清算;同时赋予发行商 SEC 认证的 「合格托管人」 资质,为机构客户托管代币化股票债券,使 Circle 得以参与数字资产托管市场;更重要的是 OCC 自动覆盖各州货币传输许可,统一适用其风险加权资本标准,避免各州资本充足率差异所带来的监管普适性问题。

稳定币发行商对银行牌照的追求并非一日之功,而是多年合规探索的集中爆发。以 Circle 为例,其于 2024 年 7 月 2 日成功获得欧盟 MiCA 框架下首个电子货币机构(EMI)牌照,得以在 27 国合规发行 USDC 和欧元稳定币 EURC。在中东,Circle 获得了阿布扎比 MSB 的原则性许可,瞄准了关键的石油美元链上结算场景。

而本地监管机构所构建的高门槛牌照制度,使得这种高成本的合规布局形成了强大的壁垒,例如欧盟 MiCA 要求的高额资本金(35 万欧元)和运营准备金,已导致许多中小发行商退出,而 Circle 得以在拥有 4.5 亿人口的欧盟市场抢占稳定币市场的入口,对竞争对手构成降维打击。

随着牌照申请的推进,稳定币的定位已从单纯的交易媒介升级为金融基础设施的核心组件。Circle 首席战略官 Dante Disparte 直言,联邦监管将使公司成为 「美元链上化执行器」,重塑全球美元流动方式。

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