众议院通过《CLARITY 法案》,加密监管新时代的分水岭要来了?

Odaily星球日报Publicado a 2025-06-11Actualizado a 2025-06-11

Resumen

该法案不仅是美国加密监管架构重塑的起点,也或成为机构加速入场、创新真正起飞的重要临界点。

原文作者:Fairy,ChainCatcher

原文编辑:TB,ChainCatcher

在美国监管数字资产的棋盘上,除了稳定币专法《GENIUS 法案》之外,另一枚重量级棋子正在加速落下。《CLARITY 法案》,这项被誉为“加密监管转折点”的立法,或将彻底改写美国加密行业的命运轨迹。

过去数年间,美国加密项目方、开发者和平台一直在监管模糊的环境中摸索前行。SEC 与 CFTC 职责不明,导致许多项目陷入“边试边犯规”的困境,一旦被认定为“未经注册的证券发行”,轻则罚款,重则遭遇生死危机。

而《CLARITY 法案》的出现,不仅试图厘清 SEC 与 CFTC 的监管边界,更致力于为数字资产行业建立一套可预期、可合规的发展路径。

今日,该法案已获众议院金融服务委员会与农业委员会一致通过,下一步将提交至众议院进行表决。这不仅是美国加密监管架构重塑的起点,也可能成为机构加速入场、创新真正起飞的重要临界点。

众议院通过《CLARITY 法案》,加密监管新时代的分水岭要来了?

《CLARITY 法案》的推进历程

5 月 29 日,美国众议院金融服务委员会主席 French Hill 正式提出了《CLARITY 法案》,全长 236 页。然而,其推进过程并不平坦。

6 月 3 日,美 SEC 在就《CLARITY 法案》提供技术简报时遭众议院民主党工作人员强烈批评,被称为“最糟糕的技术援助简报”。工作人员指责 SEC 代表无法回答简单问题,甚至以“机密”为由回避关键信息,质疑其有意遮掩真相、阻碍立法。

与此同时,部分民主党人也对特朗普涉足加密行业的行为表示担忧,质疑其或存在潜在利益冲突,可能干扰法案的立法进程。

尽管存在争议,CLARITY 法案仍在多方推动下不断完善。6 月 9 日,在八大加密政策组织的联合声明下,《区块链监管确定性法案》成功纳入《CLARITY 法案》。这一修正案被视为对 DeFi 开发者的“防火墙”,旨在保护那些不托管客户资产的软件开发者和基础设施提供者。

为进一步明确监管职责边界,金融服务委员会与农业委员会分别对法案进行了修订审议,推出了各自调整后的版本。今日,两委员会均顺利通过该法案。据共和党议员透露,两个版本将最终合并成一份综合法案,并将提交众议院全体表决。

众议院通过《CLARITY 法案》,加密监管新时代的分水岭要来了?

法案解读:为数字资产监管铺设明晰蓝图

《CLARITY 法案》并非从零起步,而是在过去几年相关立法基础上不断完善而成,尤其是对《 21 世纪金融创新与技术法案》(FIT21)的延续与扩展。

以下是对该法案的核心要点解读:

监管权限划分:明确 SEC 与 CFTC 的职责

《CLARITY 法案》核心在于基于数字资产的性质,清晰划定 SEC 与 CFTC 的监管范围。SEC 监管“数字资产证券”,而 CFTC 监管“数字商品”。对于可能同时具备证券与商品特征的“混合型”资产,法案要求两机构进行协调。目标是确认 CFTC 为数字商品现货市场的主要监管者,同时保留 SEC 对证券型数字资产的监管权。

据社区成员@realMaxAvery 的解读,法案设立了一条路径:项目可以在初期作为证券(集中度高、投资属性强),当其去中心化达到一定程度后,可“毕业”转为商品进行监管。

这其中一大亮点是“成熟区块链系统”的概念。如果一个区块链网络足够去中心化(无单一控制者、开源代码、自动运行),它就可以被认证为“成熟系统”。一旦获得此认证,其代币将面临更宽松的监管,因为它们更像商品而非证券。

DeFi 与区块链参与者:新豁免与边界

只要不从事中介业务,去中心化区块链网络的开发者和运营者无需向 SEC 或 CFTC 注册。法案也承认 DeFi 与传统金融有区别,保护开发者免受不适用的金融监管约束。编写代码、运行节点或提供前端界面通常不会被认定为金融服务提供者,这让开发者可以安心构建Web3基础设施。

但法案依然保留反欺诈和反操纵的执法权,确保创新与用户保护之间的平衡。

交易所与中介机构注册:建立监管体系

运营数字商品交易市场的平台必须向 CFTC 注册为“数字商品交易所”,包括场外交易经纪商和做市商。这些机构将遵守严格的联邦监管要求,如最低资本金、风险管理、交易记录、监管报告、客户资产保护等。

若公司同时涉及证券与数字商品业务,需分别向 SEC 和 CFTC 注册,尽管合规负担较重,但法案明确划定了双方监管边界。

鼓励传统金融机构入局加密市场

《CLARITY 法案》为传统金融机构进军加密领域打开大门。银行可合法提供加密托管服务,传统交易所也能运营同时涵盖股票与加密资产的替代交易系统,推动机构级采用,助力华尔街拥抱数字资产。

众议院通过《CLARITY 法案》,加密监管新时代的分水岭要来了?

“清晰”是重构与突围的双重命题

无论是明确 SEC 与 CFTC 的职责边界,还是为 DeFi 开发者与区块链创新者提供保护,《CLARITY 法案》都为行业奠定了可预期的发展基石。但在支持声之外,也有不少担忧浮现。

一些加密原生公司指出,法案在执行层面可能更加有利于传统金融机构。例如,像嘉信理财这种已在 SEC 注册的大型华尔街公司,一旦法案落地,便可迅速开展数字商品相关业务;而大量加密原生公司则可能需要面对商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)尚不明确、甚至更为繁琐的注册程序。这种制度设计可能在无形中造成“监管门槛”不对等。

尽管如此,监管体系的逐步清晰仍是推动行业成熟不可或缺的一环。真正的“clarity”或许意味着新的挑战,但也预示着更大的创新空间。

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