稳定币监管新规落地,市场却忽略了一点细节

Odaily星球日报Publicado a 2025-03-15Actualizado a 2025-03-15

Resumen

何为“仅依赖自创数字资产作为抵押的稳定币”?算稳被禁2年?

原创 | Odaily星球日报(@OdailyChina

作者 | 叮当(@XiaMiPP

稳定币监管新规落地,市场却忽略了一点细节

3 月 13 日,美国参议院银行委员会以 18 比 6 的票数通过了稳定币监管法案,为这个飞速发展的行业带来了里程碑式的监管框架。市场欢呼雀跃,USDT、USDC 等主流稳定币合规前景更为明朗。然而,一条“隐藏细节”却少有人讨论——法案对“仅依赖自创数字资产作为抵押的稳定币(如算法稳定币)”设定了两年禁令,并要求财政部研究其风险。

是因为算法稳定币自 2022 年 UST 崩盘后已被蒙上阴影,还是市场只关注好消息?这一条款的背后,值得细究。

什么是“自创”数字资产抵押的稳定币?

“自创”这一术语在法案中指向明确却又模糊不清。从字面看,它指的是稳定币发行方在自身体系内创造的数字资产,用以支撑稳定币的价值,而非依赖美元、国债或黄金等外部资产。换句话说,这些稳定币不以传统金融资产为后盾,而是通过算法机制和自家代币调节供需,试图维持价格稳定。然而,“仅依赖”一词的界限并未明确划定,这为监管适用范围埋下了争议的口子。

最经典的稳定币,如 USDC 或 USDT,依托美元储备并辅以透明审计,即便在市场剧烈波动时也能保持 1: 1 兑付能力。而“自创”稳定币则不同,其稳定性完全依赖内部设计,缺乏外部资产的安全网。UST 的崩盘便是一个典型案例,当大量持有者抛售 UST 时,LUNA 代币价格暴跌,导致稳定币失去支撑,引发“死亡螺旋”。这种模式下,算法稳定币不仅难以承受市场冲击,还可能成为市场系统性风险的源头。

“自创”的模糊定义成为一个争议焦点。如果一个稳定币同时依赖外部资产和自创代币,是否也在禁令范围内?这一问题直接影响后续监管的执行,也为其他稳定币带来了发展不确定性。

哪些稳定币项目可能受到影响?

当前稳定币市场可分为三类:法币支持型、超额抵押型和算法稳定币,其设计逻辑和风险特征各异,直接决定了它们在法案中的命运。

法币支持型和抵押型:安全区

  • USDT 和 USDC:依托美元和短期国债储备,透明度高,法案的资产储备和审计要求反而为其合规发展铺路。

  • MakerDAO 的 DAI:通过 ETH、wBTC 等外部资产超额抵押生成,储备率通在 150% -300% ,MKR 代币仅用于治理而非核心支撑,短期内无监管压力。

  • Ethena 的 USDe:USDe 的主要抵押品是 stETH 和 ETH 等以太坊资产,治理代币 ENA 并不直接作为 USDe 的抵押品,仅用于协议治理和激励,USDe 的生成机制更偏向抵押型,不属于“仅依赖自创数字资产”的范畴。但是USDe 的稳定机制涉及衍生品对冲,可能会被监管视为“非传统”稳定币。若监管聚焦于“衍生品风险”或“非传统资产支持”,USDe 的 “delta 中性策略”(稳定机制)可能被额外审查。

算法稳定币:禁令靶心 

算法稳定币因“自创”特性成为禁令的重点目标。它们依赖内部代币和算法机制,外部资产参与度极低,风险集中。以下是几个过往典型案例:

  • Terra 的 UST:通过 LUNA 调节价值,LUNA 作为 Terra 自创代币,完全依赖生态。2022 年崩盘蒸发 400 亿美元,并拖累多个 DeFi 协议。

  • Basis Cash(BAC):早期算法稳定币,用 BAC 和 BAS(自创代币)维持平衡,市场波动下迅速失守,项目早已淡出视野。

  • Fei Protocol(FEI)依赖 FEI 和 TRIBE(自创代币)调节, 2021 年上线后因脱钩问题失去市场信任,热度骤减。

这些项目的共同特征是:价值支撑完全依赖自创代币,外部资产几乎缺席,一旦市场信心动摇,崩盘几乎不可避免。算法稳定币的支持者曾喊出“去中心化未来”的口号,可现实是抗风险能力低,成了监管的重点关注对象。

但是,这中间还存在一个灰色地带:许多稳定币并非完全依赖“自创”资产,而是采用混合模式。例如:

  • Frax(FRAX)部分依赖 USDC(外部资产),部分通过 FXS(自创代币)调节。若“自创”定义过严,FXS 的角色可能使其受限;若宽松,则有望幸免。

  • Ampleforth(AMPL)通过供需调整实现购买力稳定,不依赖传统抵押,更接近弹性货币,可能不在法案的稳定币定义内。

也就是说,法案虽指向“自创数字资产抵押”的稳定币,但是“仅依赖”一词又对边界却未作出明确规定,让这些混合项目的命运悬而未决。财政部的研究若把“自创”定义得太宽,混合模式项目可能被误伤;若太窄,又可能漏掉风险点。这一不确定性,直接影响市场对相关项目的预期。

监管层为何设立这一禁令?

法案对“自创”祭出禁令,既有对现实的担忧,也藏着对未来的期待。

首先,系统性风险是核心担忧。UST 崩盘不仅是散户的 400 亿美元噩梦,还引发 DeFi 市场连锁反应,甚至引起传统金融的警惕。算法稳定币的闭环设计使其在极端条件下极易失控,可能成为加密市场的“不定时炸弹”。监管层显然希望通过禁令,遏制这一潜在威胁。

其次,透明度缺失加剧了监管难度。自创代币如 LUNA 或 FEI,其价值难以通过外部市场验证,资金运作如同黑箱,与 USDC 的公开账本形成鲜明对比。这种不透明性不仅让监管无从下手,也为潜在欺诈埋下隐患。

第三,投资者保护是现实需求。普通用户难以理解算法稳定币的复杂机制,常误以为其与 USDT 一样安全。UST 崩盘后,散户损失惨重,凸显了保护散户免受高风险创新伤害的紧迫性。

最后,货币政策的稳定不容忽视。稳定币的大规模应用可能对美元货币政策产生影响。如果大量资金涌入不受监管的算法稳定币,而这些稳定币又缺乏足够的外部资产支撑,市场的不稳定性可能会干扰美联储的货币调控。

然而,两年禁令并非彻底否定,而是带有探索意味。“自创”的模糊性虽是争议点,却也为调整留下了空间。财政部的研究将明确边界,决定哪些项目真正受限。同时,这两年是 DeFi 社区的“试炼期”。若能推出更稳健的方案——如 Frax 的混合模式,通过外部资产缓冲风险,或开发全新的抗压机制——监管态度可能软化。反之,若仍固守“自创”闭环,禁令到期后,算法稳定币恐面临更严苛的约束。

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