一文分析 DApp 发展的三条出路:应用链、价值返还与自主排序

链捕手Publicado a 2024-08-19Actualizado a 2024-08-19

原标题:《Is everything really moving towards AppChains?》

作者:Pavel Paramonov

编译:深潮 TechFlow

 

一切真的都在向应用链(AppChains)发展吗?

是的,但实际上并非如此。

dApps 转向主权链的主要原因是它们感到自己受到了不公正的对待。

这并不是没有原因的,因为大多数 dApps 都处于亏损状态。

你可以参考最近的例子,比如 zkxprotocol 停运,以及过去的许多其他应用,如 utopialabs_、yield、FujiFinance 等等。

但这是因为商业模式真的有缺陷,还是协议确实存在问题?

dApp 的主要收入来源(通常也是唯一的来源)是手续费。用户支付这些费用,因为他们直接受益于服务。

然而,用户并不是唯一从 dApp 使用中获益的参与者。

在交易供应链中,有多个参与者获利,主要是区块提议者,尽管他们是最后一个看到交易的人。在 L2 的情况下,这些参与者被称为排序者(sequencers)。

MEV 被大量提取,这并不总是坏事,但 dApps 创造的价值却被剥夺,因此他们无法获得所提供的全部价值。

目前有三种方法可以解决这个问题:

  1. 成为一个应用链。
  2. 选择一个能够创造价值的 L1/L2。
  3. 实施针对特定应用的排序机制。

就像加密领域的所有事物一样,每种解决方案都有其权衡。

1.成为一个应用链:高成本 + 高价值

你可以获得许多好处:尽可能多地提取价值,控制自己的网络(如果你是 L2),更容易扩展,避免争夺区块空间等等。

缺点是:这真的很贵,而且实现起来更具挑战性,因为你必须同时构建应用和链。

即使你想构建一个 L2 并使用像 alt_layer 这样的解决方案。

「每个应用最终都会成为应用链」的论点通常是错误的,原因有三:

  1. 不是每个去中心化应用 (dapp) 都大到需要迁移到应用链。
  2. 一些 dapp 从底层链的架构中直接受益。
  3. dapp 在其他链上适应良好。

2.L1/L2 能够回馈价值:低成本 + 中等价值

在 rollup 或 L1 上部署应用的成本要低得多,因为你不需要为验证、包含、共识、交易流等制定新规则。

在 rollup 的情况下,将你的应用从以太坊转移到 rollup 通常非常简单,因为 rollup 要么兼容 EVM(例如 arbitrum),要么等价于 EVM(例如 taikoxyz)。

你仍然需要考虑底层链的架构,但不必从零开始构建。

也许在未来,我们将实现真正的链抽象,开发者只需关注他们的 dapp,但那是另一个话题了。

开发者获得中等价值的回报,因为这不是高价值(你不拥有链的经济体系),但也不是低价值(除了手续费之外,你还会获得一些其他回报)。

目前几乎没有这样的实现,因为与 dapp 共享 MEV 仍然是一个复杂的过程,我们需要进行更多的研发。

3.特定于应用的排序:中等成本 + 不确定价值

特定于应用的排序概念较为新颖,人们常常将其与应用链混淆,区别很简单:

应用链关注排序和执行。

自我排序的去中心化应用 (dapp) 只关注排序,将执行“外包”给 L1/L2。

这是中等成本,因为你需要考虑交易的排序,而不仅仅是构建 dapp,价值是不确定的,因为这个概念还比较新且涉及不同的关注点。

首先,你仍然依赖提议者,因为存在包含的博弈:你可以发送任何你想发送的捆绑包,但是否将你的捆绑包包含在区块中取决于提议者。

如果你会获得所有的 MEV(最大化可提取价值),那么提议者没有明确的激励去将你的捆绑包包含在区块中。

因此,这为提议者创造了另一个激励市场。他们(dapp + 提议者)应该合作,否则他们将失去价值和权力。

此外,它的价值也不确定,因为我们无法确定来自 L1/L2 的共享价值是否会超过 dapp 通过排序交易为自己创造的价值。

任何链都是一片黑暗森林 (dark forest)(不仅仅是以太坊!)。那么回到最开始的问题:

一切真的都在朝着应用链(AppChains)发展吗?

  1. 是的(有些 dapp 从拥有自己的链中受益,胜过留在现有链上)。
  2. 不是(还有其他适合 dapp 需求的解决方案)。

这片森林很大,值得探索所有选项。

世界上加密领域领域中的每种景观都有一些多样性,因此选择最适合你需求的选项,或者构建你自己的解决方案!

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