7月美国非农就业解析:或许并非如想象中悲观

币界网Publicado a 2024-08-16Actualizado a 2024-08-16

币界网报道:

作者:4Alpha Research研究员:Kamiu

Opinions in a nutshell

  • 市场过度反应,体现了华尔街一贯的对于降息落空做出更大反应的心态,美联储“山人自有妙计”

  • 7 月失业率上涨存在飓风等暂时性偶然因素

  • 7 月失业率和新增就业大幅差于预期存在结构性原因,但对于美国经济而言未必完全是坏事:移民和退出劳动力队伍的工人回到市场,有助于长期抑制通胀

一、市场对于 7 月非农数据可能反应过度,美联储并不认同存在巨大衰退风险

历史上看,华尔街面临衰退风险时对于宽松货币政策的渴望,总是大于面对经济过热和通胀风险时对于鹰派政策的追求,也即美国市场对于降息的“弹性”总是高于对于加息的“弹性”,对于通胀的风险偏好高于对于通缩的风险偏好。

7 月 FOMC 决议没有如最乐观的观察家的预期那样提前降息,提前 price-in 了这一预期的美国市场没有在这一决议公布后闪崩或许已经是最后的温柔,大幅不及预期的非农数据后几乎所有主要资产价格的暴跌宣泄了市场对于美联储“动作迟缓”的不满,马斯克更是直言“美联储 7 月不降息很蠢”。

在这种情绪下,多头平仓踩踏导致的螺旋式暴跌其实并不能完全说明美国 7 月非农就业直接指向了硬着陆和断崖式衰退。

美联储很可能并不认为美国已经面临巨大的衰退风险。一般认为,美联储 FOMC 票委在投票决议之前能够看到一些当月的经济数据,虽然这些数据通常是有限的。根据美联储的会议纪要,官员们在讨论货币政策前景时,会强调需要根据即将公布的数据、不断变化的经济前景和风险平衡来制定未来的决策。这表明他们在做出决策时会依赖最新的信息,包括很快即将公开发布的非农数据等。

鲍威尔在 7 月 FOMC 采访中也没有如预期彻底倒向降息,而是保留了一部分鹰派立场,这说明他在看到了 7 月惨淡的非农数据后依然选择保留继续让高利率抑制通胀的选择权,而不是 7 月紧急加息一次性退出高利率框架,也说明鲍威尔并没有对于美国衰退过度担忧。

现代货币政策理论强调货币政策对于市场预期的前瞻性和引导性,鲍威尔和他领导的美联储这次对于降息的谨慎态度或许是吸收了 2020 年开闸放水过猛、一发不可收拾的教训,此次若真如市场期盼的大幅降息,可能会导致市场预期的自我强化、国债收益率大幅降低和通胀的卷土重来,鲍威尔和美联储显然不希望多年来的抗通胀努力一夜间前功尽弃,他本人明确表示“必须权衡过早行动和等待太久的风险”,表明了他在准备好降息的同时也还持有过早降息可能导致 forward guidance 失效的担忧。明年的 FOMC 票委、著名的鸽派官员、芝加哥联储主席 Goolsbee 甚至都表示,对于单月数据过度反应是不明智的,认可美联储不紧急降息的决定。

二、单月数据较弱并不必然指向衰退风险

美国当前的经济运行状态只能说是“增长放缓”,而很难说是深度衰退。美国经济衰退时期的界定一直由美国国家经济研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research,NBER)完成,主要通过个人实际收入、非农企业和家庭调查就业、消费支出、工业产出等指标完成对于衰退时期的界定。

NBER 并未实际公布其具体判断标准,但从收入和消费层面看, 6 月个人消费和个人可支配收入相比年初都没有发生太大变化,个人可支配收入同比增幅分别从 4.0% 收窄到 3.6% ,个人消费支出同比由 1.9% 上升到 2.6% ,同时生产产出也有改善,仅就业一项大幅下滑,还不能排除偶然因素的影响。因此,美国经济距离真正的衰退应当还有一段缓冲距离,足以支持 FOMC 7 月不降息。

同时,近期发布的其他数据可能说明美国经济潜力和增长韧性仍存。8 月 4 日(周日)发布的美国 7 月 ISM 非制造业指数和 8 月 8 日(周四)发布的 8 月 3 日当周首次申请失业救济人数数据提振了市场情绪, 7 月 ISM 非制造业指数报 51.4 ,超过预期值 51 和前值 48.8 ,一定程度上缓解了市场由于上一周的 ISM PMI 和失业数据导致的极端恐慌和踩踏;8 月 3 日当周首次申请失业就业人数报 23.3 万人,大幅低于预期 24 万人和前值 24.9 万人,市场对于美国陷入断崖式经济衰退的恐慌情绪进一步减弱,这些总体向好的经济数据表明大概率美国经济并不如悲观的市场价格显示的那样快速滑向谷底。

三、 7 月非农数据下降存在偶然性因素

当地时间 7 月 8 日凌晨,飓风“贝丽尔”以一级飓风的威力在美国得克萨斯州登陆。根据记录,这场飓风是自 1851 年以来同期最强飓风,同时它也成为了 2024 年至今全球风力最强的飓风。虽然“贝丽尔”在登陆美国后不久便开始强度削弱,但其带来的影响却延续了多日。在休斯顿地区,大约有 270 万户家庭和企业经历了长达数日的停电。即便在飓风登陆后十多天,得克萨斯州仍有数万户居民和企业未能恢复电力供应。

BLS 非农报告中显示,今年 7 月,因恶劣天气未参与劳动的美国非农业职工数量为 43.6 万名,这一数据创下了 7 月份的最高纪录,也是 1976 年 BLS 开始统计这一数据以来各年度 7 月平均水平的 10 倍以上。此外,还有 100 多万人由于天气原因只能做兼职,这也创下了历年 7 月数据的最高纪录,而在抽样调查中这些非正式的就业很有可能被遗漏。虽然 BLS 声称“飓风对就业数据影响不大”,但是经济学界和市场普遍认为 BLS 的表态与事实不符,上述飓风导致的就业市场极大破坏显然对于非农就业数据新增就业人数和失业率显然有巨大影响。

四、移民涌入和劳动力回流构成失业率上升的结构性因素

首先,疫情后非法移民的大量涌入,无疑对本土劳动市场产生了冲击。这些移民通常愿意接受较低的工资和工作条件,从而在低技能劳动市场上与本土工人形成竞争。这种额外供给和竞争不仅推高了失业率,还可能压低了某些行业的工资水平,使得那些依赖于低技能劳动力的行业面临更大的就业压力。

其次,疫情初期,许多工人因长新冠后遗症、健康担忧、育儿责任、公司裁员或远程工作机会减少而离开了劳动市场。随着疫苗接种率的提高、疫情限制措施的放松,这些工人开始重新评估他们的就业状况,并逐步回到劳动市场。这一趋势虽然是经济复苏的积极信号,但也意味着劳动市场上可供选择的求职者数量增加,从而在短期内可能导致失业率上升。

疫情期间美国政府提供的失业救济金和 MMT 等其他财政支持措施,虽然在短期内为失业者提供了必要的经济援助,但也可能降低了他们寻找工作的紧迫性。随着这些救济措施的逐步缩减,原本依赖这些福利的工人被迫重新进入劳动市场,这在一定程度上也导致了失业率的回升。

上述劳动力供给曲线的外移,实际上是经济复苏的信号,而且对于通胀预计可以产生较为明显的遏制作用,可以给美联储降息操作以更多的政策空间。

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