为什么每次美联储降息,市场都会跌?

币界网Publicado a 2024-08-12Actualizado a 2024-08-12

币界网报道:

从理论上来说,降息意味着资金面开始宽松,资本市场应该上涨。但为何美联储每次降息周期的初期,市场都会出现大跌甚至是金融危机呢?

这就要从市场结构说起,经历一轮美元加息后,美元收益率高于其他地区,而美元资产风险又比其他地区低,所以全球资金就会想方设法往美国跑。正常情况下,哪里存钱都有利息,如果是借贷的钱还有成本,所以如果只是赚取利率差,这个收益是比较低的。要获得更大收益,必然要把资本规模做大,那就要加杠杆借贷。

也就是说,每次美元加息后,底层的杠杠是很大的。

资本考虑的核心因素是:安全和收益。2022年之后,美联储的加息幅度和速度是近几十年最高的,与此同时全球都“不太平,”各种争端和动乱此起披伏,所以资本涌入美国的动力很强。

上面就是过去一年多,在加息、缩表的背景下,美股和加密持续上涨的主要原因。

到了降息周期,套利结构的利润开始被压缩,资本就要抛售资产偿还债务,这就是资产价格下跌的原因。如果这时候再出现经济衰退,资产遭受恐慌性下跌,那么就会演化成金融危机。2000年互联网泡沫和2008年的次贷危机都是在美联储开始降息后发生的,此时美联储降息越快,市场杠杠崩溃的速度越快,危机就更大。

日元加息,美国公布个不及预期的失业率数据都能带来极度恐慌,美股、日股、加密市场大跌,就是担心美国经济会进入到衰退甚至是萧条。

由于2000年和2008年的教训,美联储在之后处理危机时已经“游刃有余”:直接开启印钞机购买资产,这就是量化宽松,2008年之后的数年,就是这种政策,2020年疫情带来的暴跌也是这种策略。

这会带来一个严重的问题,债务规模极速膨胀,它会严重侵蚀法币的信用,现在美联储的债务规模已经超过35万亿美元。如果出现危机,就印钱救市,迟早有一天债务规模达到无法承受的地步,引发超级通胀。

现在日元加息、美元降息在即,流动性大概率开始收缩,接下来,市场需要观察美国会不会陷入经济衰退?如果衰退了美联储是不是又开启印钞机救市?

降息的第一阶段可能是“温和”的下跌;如果经济确认衰退,会是危机式下跌;美联储大放水后,又开始大涨。本质,还是纸币在贬值。

历史不会简单的重复,但都很相似。

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