刘强东雷军联手进军稳定币:人民币稳定币还会远吗

币界网Publicado a 2024-08-11Actualizado a 2024-08-11

币界网报道:

作者:郎光照

8 月 4 日,比特币跌破 60,000 美元,8 月 5 日又跌破 50,000 美元,以太坊更是跌破 2100 美元。

虚拟货币再现了暴起暴落的暴烈风格。

正因为此,虚拟货币市场出现了稳定币。国际清算银行(BIS)对稳定币的定义是:价值与法定货币或其他资产挂钩的加密货币。由于稳定币追求相对于法币的汇率平价,因其“稳定”,使虚拟货币的储存和交易更加便捷,成为法币与虚拟货币的连接者。

稳定币已有超过千亿美元的规模。美国 Tether发行的美元稳定币USDT独占鳌头,占比超过 70%。

香港发展虚拟资产市场,稳定币不可或缺。香港监管部门也已为发展稳定币市场筹谋已久。

刘强东雷军联手

7月18日,香港金融管理局公布首批“稳定币发行人沙盒”参与者名单。首批共3家发行人,包括京东币链科技(香港)、圆币创新科技,以及联合申请的渣打银行(香港)、安拟集团(Animoca Brands Limited)、香港电讯(HKT)。

根据香港金管局定义,稳定币是一种旨在与某些资产(通常是货币)维持相对稳定价值的虚拟资产。

而香港持牌虚拟银行天星银行(Airstar Bank)在其官方网站宣布,已与京东集团旗下京东币链科技(香港)在金管局的稳定币发行人沙盒合作,天星银行将协助京东币链科技(香港)尝试基于稳定币的全新跨境支付解决方案。

天星银行自 2019 年 5 月 9 日起成为香港金融管理局的持牌银行,2020 年 6 月 11 日正式展业,第一大股东为小米集团。这意味,刘强东创办的京东集团和雷军创办的小米集团在香港聚首,联手出击稳定币市场。

天星银行第二大股东为富途证券。而富途证券近日宣布,正式为其客户开通比特币和以太币交易服务,成为香港首家直接向散户投资者提供加密货币交易服务的在线经纪平台。

稳定币格局与港元稳定币的突破

从维持“稳定”的方式来看,稳定币可分为:以法币资产抵押的稳定币,如USDT、USDC等;以加密资产抵押的稳定币,如DAI、USDe等;还有算法稳定币,如FRAX。

其中,法币稳定币是目前的主流稳定币。

从锚定标的来看,除了 PAXG 等锚定黄金价格外,99%的稳定币均为 1:1锚定美元,也有锚定其它法币的稳定币,如锚定欧元的 EURT,市值 3800 万美元,日元的如 GYEN,目前市值仅有 1400 万美元;锚定印尼盾的 IDRT,市值为 1100 万美元。从市值来看,目前全部稳定币市值为 1600 亿美元+,其中 USDT 遥遥领先,且增长稳定,目前市值超 1100 亿美元,USDC 市值平稳上升,为 330 亿美元+,但较 USDT 仍有差距,其它稳定币则基本保持稳定。(数据来自Aiying Payment Compliance2024 年 7 月初报告《稳定币赛道:模式、运行原理、趋势及香港稳定币的思考》,下称《稳定币赛道报告》)

在 2022 年10 月 31 日香港财库局(财经事务及库务局)正式发布的《有关香港虚拟资产发展的政策宣言》中,明确表述:“稳定币是我们的另一焦点所在。有鉴于稳定币据称能够维持价值稳定,而其使用情况愈益增加,例如作为加密货币和法定货币的交易媒介,因此亦具潜力能够与传统金融市场(如支付系统)互相建立关联。”

香港财库局和金管局在 2023 年 12 月联合发布了关于稳定币发行人拟议监管制度的咨询文件。2024年3月,金管局公布了“稳定币发行人沙盒”政策,允许在监管沙盒内测试稳定币发行。

2024年7月,香港财库局和金管局发布了咨询总结,汇总公众意见和反馈,提出了关于在香港实施稳定币发行人监管制度的立法建议。下一阶段提交立法会审议,并发出相关指引。

据京东币链科技、圆币科技官网信息,两家机构即将发行的港元稳定币是均是与港元1:1挂钩,其储备由高流动的资产组成,存放于持牌金融机构的独立账户中,可通过定期的披露报告查询。

据报道,京东集团向21世纪经济报道记者提供的一份声明,京东集团定位于“以供应链为基础的技术与服务企业”,旗下的京东币链科技旨在提供为全球企业与个人支付解决方案,解决跨境支付问题。

据圆币科技官网信息,该公司即将测试的港元稳定币用以来连接Web2和Web3世界和市场参与者。该公司行政总裁Rita Liu表示,港元稳定币未来不会跟USDT等美元稳定币抢市场,而是和各种稳定币一起,拓宽稳定币的应用场景。

人民币稳定币还会远吗?

虽然京东币链科技和天星银行的“根”都在内地,但是目前计划发行的稳定币是基于港币抵押的。

作为世界第二大经济体的法定货币,人民币在国际经济体系已具有极为重要的地位。基于人民币资产抵押的稳定币,一直是业界热议的话题,甚至也不乏尝试的先例。

波场推出人民币稳定币TCHN;发行美元稳定币USDT的Tether 推出的人民币稳定币CNHT;CNHC Group 曾发行的人民币稳定币 CNHC,但CNHC Group 团队2023 年 5 月被抓,有报道称被抓的原因不是发行稳定币。

鉴于当前中国的外汇政策和虚拟货币政策,发行人民币稳定币,以境外离岸人民币(或人民币资产)为抵押较为可行。境外人民币稳定币,不但有利于香港乃至国际加密货币市场的生态繁荣,而且也有利于人民币国际化。

稳定币联结了整个虚拟资产市场,人民币稳定币为境外人民币扩大了广阔的使用空间和创新的商业模式,有利于离岸人民币的流通;随着虚拟资产市场与传统市场之间的融合度越来越高,离岸人民币通过稳定币,有可能形成越来越丰富的使用场景和交易生态。

稳定币作为加密货币,用户交易使用区块链地址,而不是用户的真实身份。这些地址是随机生成的字符串,默认情况下不直接关联用户的个人信息。虽然区块链上的交易是公开透明的,但由于缺乏直接的身份关联,用户身份在一定程度上是匿名的。这有效的规避了央行数字货币在境外使用可能遇到的数据管辖权问题。区块链特性使一部分人更加愿意使用稳定币,进而扩大人民币在境外的接受度。

香港是全球最大的人民币离岸交易市场,具备发展人民币稳定币得天独厚的条件。

截至2023年9月末,境外机构持有境内股票、债券、存款等人民币金融资产规模合计为9.3万亿元。2024年4月,香港和台湾地区离岸市场人民币存款规模分别为10881.84亿元和1255.96亿元。

香港国际金融学会主席肖耿2024 年 5 月在一个论坛上表示,香港历来是各项前沿金融创新的试验场,具备优良创新传统,推行试验的制度与市场基础良好,来自相关利益集团阻力较小,数字金融发展成效显著,处于全球领先地位,可以对最先进数字金融基础设施的建设提供坚实支撑,具备探索最先进数字金融基础设施的条件。创建基于稳定币、有限区块链、数字智能合约的与人民币挂钩的大湾区稳定币,能巩固提升香港国际金融中心地位。

在香港,我们还需要多久看到人民币稳定币的诞生?

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