Web3 创业刑事风险防范指南(二):外汇买卖型非法经营罪

深潮Publicado a 2024-08-02Actualizado a 2024-08-02

中间商不好当。

撰文:刘正要、刘福淇,曼昆律师事务所

上篇文章我们聊到了《Web3 创业刑事风险防范指南(一):辨别与防范传销风险》,本篇我们继续讨论另一个话题:虚拟货币兑换业务。因为虚拟货币市场与外汇市场存在波动性,而两者结合产生的汇率差价会更高,那么在进行多重兑换时,就会有人瞄准交易差价来赚点「零钱」,从而当起了 USDT 商家(简称「U 商」)或是提供虚拟货币兑换服务。但是当虚拟货币与外汇交织在一起的时候,其复杂性和风险性倍增,这会导致发生仅仅赚了点小钱却摊上大事的后果。

因此,本篇,曼昆律师从外汇买卖型非法经营罪将讲起,来聊聊虚拟货币兑换的那些事。

外汇买卖型非法经营案件盘点

案例 A

2018 年 1 月至 2021 年 9 月,郭某钊等人搭建「TW711 平台」等网站,以虚拟货币泰达币 USDT 为媒介,为客户提供外币与人民币的汇兑服务。换汇客户在上述网站下单后,向网站指定的境外账户支付外币。网站以上述外币在境外购买泰达币后,由范某玭通过非法渠道卖出取得人民币,再按照约定汇率向客户指定的境内第三方支付平台账户支付相应数量的人民币,从中赚取汇率差及服务费。上述网站非法兑换人民币 2.2 亿余元。其中,范某玭通过操作詹某祥、梁某钻等人提供的虚拟货币交易平台账户及人民币银行账户,从陈某国处接收泰达币 600 余万个,兑换人民币 4,000 余万元。

2022 年 6 月 27 日,上海市宝山区人民法院作出判决,以非法经营罪判处郭某钊有期徒刑五年,并处罚金人民币二十万元;判处范某玭有期徒刑三年三个月,并处罚金人民币五万元;以帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪判处詹某祥有期徒刑一年六个月,并处罚金人民币五千元;判处梁某钻有期徒刑十个月,并处罚金人民币二千元。

案例 B

2019 年 2 月至 2020 年 4 月,赵某团伙在阿联酋和国内提供外币迪拉姆与人民币的兑换及支付服务。该团伙在阿联酋迪拜收进迪拉姆现金,同时将相应人民币转入对方指定的国内人民币账户,后用迪拉姆在当地购入「泰达币」(USDT,与美元锚定的稳定币),再将购入的泰达币通过国内的团伙即时非法出售,重新取得人民币,从而形成国内外资金的循环融通。通过汇率差,该团伙在每笔外币买卖业务中可获取 2% 以上的收益。经查,赵某等人在 2019 年 3 月至 4 月期间兑换金额达人民币 4,385 万余元,获利共计人民币 87 万余元。

2022 年 3 月 24 日,浙江省杭州市西湖区人民法院以非法经营罪判决上述人员。

盘点总结:能够看到,上述涉案人并没有直接进行人民币与外汇之间的直接兑换,而是采用一种迂回的方式,以虚拟货币为中间媒介,进而赚取汇率差价。那么这种行为,为什么涉及非法经营,最后被定罪处罚呢?

外汇买卖型非法经营如何认定?

让我们来看一下行政法意义上的外汇买卖型非法经营行为和刑法上外汇买卖型非法经营犯罪的定义与构成要件。

根据《最高人民法院 最高人民检察院关于办理非法从事资金支付结算业务、非法买卖外汇刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(下称「《解释》」)第二条,违反国家规定,实施倒买倒卖外汇或者变相买卖外汇等非法买卖外汇行为,扰乱金融市场秩序,情节严重的,构成非法经营罪。

所以针对外汇买卖型非法经营行为的定义很直观,包括以下两种情况:

倒买倒卖外汇,指不法分子在国内外汇黑市进行低买高卖,从中赚取汇率差价;

变相买卖外汇,指采取以外汇偿还人民币或以人民币偿还外汇、以外汇和人民币互换实现货币价值转换的行为。

那么在这基础上,若达到情节严重,就构成非法经营罪,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金。

根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百二十五条、《最高人民检察院 公安部关于公安机关管辖的刑事案件立案追诉标准的规定(二)》第七十一条第三款以及《解释》第三条,情节严重的标准是(以下满足其一):

  • 非法经营数额在五百万元以上,

  • 违法所得数额在十万元以上,

  • 对非法经营数额在二百五十万元以上,或者违法所得数额在五万元以上,且具有下列情形之一的:因非法买卖外汇犯罪行为受过刑事追究的;二年内因非法买卖外汇违法行为受过行政处罚的;拒不交代涉案资金去向或者拒不配合追缴工作,致使赃款无法追缴的;造成其他严重后果的。

情节特别严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产,其标准是(以下满足其一):

  • 非法经营数额在二千五百万元以上的;

  • 违法所得数额在五十万元以上的;

  • 非法经营数额在一千二百五十万元以上,或者违法所得数额在二十五万元以上,且具有情节严重第三个标准出现的四种情形之一的。

根据前文案例,郭某钊团伙和赵某团伙虽然在形式上没有进行人民币和外币之间的直接买卖,但是其借虚拟货币交易为媒介,采取以外汇偿还人民币或以人民币偿还外汇、以外汇和人民币互换实现货币价值转换的行为,在本质上实现了人民币与外币之间的兑换,同时涉及金额巨大,情节特别严重。而郭某钊案中,范某玭长期、单向以泰达币 USDT 为媒介帮助主犯进行外币与人民币的汇兑业务,且双方之间还有投资、帮助解决银行卡冻结问题等其他联系,关系密切,被认定为帮助犯。

由此来看,我们其实不难发现,针对虚拟货币市场中发生的买卖外汇型非法经营行为可以总结以下两种特征:

  • 营利目的。通过交易活动获得利益,这是经营行为的内在要求,方式包括直接从买卖外汇中获利,也包括从与外汇买卖相关联的行为中间接获利。可以指向为自己营利、为他人营利或让他人为自己营利。无论哪种情形,关键在于行为人主观上是否具有通过非法买卖外汇追求利益的目的。

  • 未经许可的外汇交易。一切在外汇指定银行和中国外汇交易中心及其分中心以外买卖外汇的行为都是未经许可的外汇交易,主要分为倒买倒卖外汇和变相买卖外汇两种情形。

当前加密货币市场多出现后者的情形,最典型的手法被称为「对敲」。在这类案件中,行为人通常利用虚拟货币的特殊属性绕开国家外汇监管,通过在境内收取客户的人民币或在境外收取客户的外币,再将等额的外汇存入客户指定的境外银行账户或境内银行账户,资金在境内外实现单向循环。表面上双方并未直接进行人民币和外汇的买卖,但实际上已经完成了买卖外汇的行为。

所以,尽管本质上只是实施了以虚拟货币为媒介,但客观上只要实现人民币与外汇兑换的经营行为,就可能构成外汇买卖型非法经营罪。这种情形中,虽然虚拟货币不具有法币属性,但是客观上起到的是媒介作用,无法掩盖违法买卖外汇的经营实质。

曼昆律师建议

因此,在对外汇买卖型非法经营有所认知的基础上,我们必须以严谨、稳重的态度,尽可能降低涉及该类型罪的风险,曼昆律师建议如下:

  • 避免营利性行为。对于个人或者外贸企业,在进行加密货币买卖的过程当中,需要避免涉及经营性或营利性,必须明确其交易目的是否为自用。这里的「自用」指的是为了满足个人或企业自身的需求,而非出于转售或其他商业目的,也就是说不以通过加密货币交易汇率差价谋取利益为目的;

  • 避免直接或者间接兑换。在加密货币的交易行为中,应当避免人民币与外汇兑换的实质行为,如果客观上只是在虚拟货币与人民币或虚拟货币与外汇之间单向的流转,则不会涉及非法经营行为;

  • 避免帮助犯罪行为。这包括介绍有换汇需求的人、提供资金支持、提供收款账户支持、为虚拟货币买卖环节提供帮助等。例如前文郭某钊案例中,詹某祥、梁某钻等人提供的虚拟货币交易平台账户及人民币银行账户的行为被认定为帮信。同时,行为主体还应当做好 AML 和 KYC,避免涉及非法经营以外的犯罪行为。

结语

在数字化时代,加密货币慢慢渗透全球经济的各个角落。从全球性市场的融合、资本流动的便捷性来看,监管政策的多变性以及市场情绪的共鸣导致虚拟货币与外汇的互动变得更加敏感。在此背景下,相关投资者应当对虚拟货币兑换业务保持相当的警惕,避免从赚点小钱演变为犯罪行为。

Lecturas Relacionadas

Chip Giant with 700 Billion Market Cap Sees Soaring Inventory

"Chips Giant with 700 Billion Market Cap Sees Inventory Soar" In its 2026 first-half financial report, Cambricon, a leading Chinese AI chip design company, reported significant growth in both revenue and profit. Revenue reached 59.96 billion yuan, up 108.13% year-on-year, while net profit grew 122.61% to 23.11 billion yuan. However, a major point of investor focus was the sharp rise in the company's inventory, which surged 66.83% from the end of the previous year to 82.48 billion yuan. This inventory now represents 45.32% of its total assets. The increase is primarily attributed to a substantial growth in raw materials (up 77.95% to 52.78 billion yuan) and work-in-process with contract manufacturers (up 61.85% to 24.18 billion yuan). Cambricon management explained that the inventory build-up was due to increased purchases of raw materials and outsourced processing. The company acknowledged the risk of inventory impairment should market conditions change. Industry analysts noted that as a fabless chip designer, such inventory accumulation is a strategic move to secure wafer capacity. However, it carries significant risk due to the industry's rapid technological iteration. If downstream demand slows, the company could face substantial inventory write-downs. Additionally, Cambricon's prepayments soared nearly threefold to 29.14 billion yuan. Brokerage analyses interpret the concurrent rise in prepayments and inventory as a positive indicator, suggesting strong future order fulfillment and pointing towards significant revenue growth in the third quarter. Despite strong operational metrics, the company's cash and cash equivalents have shown a declining trend over the past three years, dropping to 6.26 billion yuan by mid-2026. Cambricon's stock price hit a historic high of 1,620 yuan per share in June, briefly pushing its market capitalization above one trillion yuan. As of August 13th, its share price was 1,105.5 yuan, with a total market cap of approximately 694.6 billion yuan.

marsbitHace 33 min(s)

Chip Giant with 700 Billion Market Cap Sees Soaring Inventory

marsbitHace 33 min(s)

Securitize's First Post-IPO Financial Report Disappoints, Has the 'Compliant Tokenization' Narrative Lost Its Luster?

Securitize, a leading tokenization platform, released its first quarterly earnings report since going public in July 2026, disappointing investors. Q2 2026 revenue was $14.43 million, down 5% year-over-year and 26% sequentially, missing analyst estimates. The net loss widened to $21.68 million. While tokenized assets under management grew 9% to a record $4.3 billion and platform trading volume surged 147% to $5.3 billion, total assets under administration fell 20% to $24.3 billion. The divergence between soaring volume and declining revenue raised concerns about its fee structure and business model viability. The report highlights Securitize's continued focus on regulatory compliance, including partnerships with major transfer agents and approvals from FINRA and Dubai's VARA. It also registered an investment advisor subsidiary with the SEC. However, tangible progress in its new tokenized public securities business was limited. Apart from tokenizing its own stock (SECZ) at its IPO, no other public company stock has been tokenized on its platform in over a month. Analysts note that SECZ's on-chain market value is misleading as it was issued to existing shareholders, not driven by secondary market demand. Post-earnings, Securitize's stock fell over 20%, bringing its total decline since its IPO to approximately 36%. The market reaction underscores investor concern over shrinking revenue and the slow pace of commercializing its tokenized equities narrative, shifting focus from regulatory milestones to real-market metrics like market share and user adoption.

marsbitHace 36 min(s)

Securitize's First Post-IPO Financial Report Disappoints, Has the 'Compliant Tokenization' Narrative Lost Its Luster?

marsbitHace 36 min(s)

Crypto Bear Market: Which Crypto Concept Stocks Are Institutional Giants Accumulating?

Despite a bearish crypto market, major institutional investors are increasing their positions in key crypto-related stocks, as revealed in recent 13F filings. European asset management giant Amundi significantly boosted its stake in MicroStrategy (MSTR) by 148%. Other institutions like Vanguard, State Street, and Capital Group also added to their MSTR holdings. While price performance has been weak, banks and public pension funds, including those from Michigan and Louisiana, are also expanding their exposure, signaling growing acceptance. In the mining sector, Bitmine (BMNR) saw inflows from passive index funds following its inclusion in the Russell index, with BlackRock as a major holder. For Circle (CRCL), active buyers included the Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund, the Swiss National Bank, and ARK Invest, which has been actively trading the stock. Regarding Coinbase (COIN), large positions from Vanguard and BlackRock are primarily passive, tied to index inclusions. ARK Invest engages in more active, tactical buying. Robinhood (HOOD) shows high institutional ownership (over 93%), with various pension funds making smaller, scattered additions. ARK Invest leads in active trading for stocks like Block (XYZ) and Bullish (BLSH), while traditional asset managers' moves are often passive. The trend indicates institutions are strategically accumulating sector leaders during the downturn, with conservative funds slowly adding crypto equities to their portfolios. However, due to the 45-day reporting lag, 13F data should be used for reference, not for direct copy-trading.

marsbitHace 37 min(s)

Crypto Bear Market: Which Crypto Concept Stocks Are Institutional Giants Accumulating?

marsbitHace 37 min(s)

Securitize's First Post-IPO Financial Report Bombshell: Is the 'Compliant Tokenization' Narrative Failing to Sell?

Securitize, a tokenization platform, released its first earnings report since going public in July 2026, revealing disappointing Q2 results. Revenue fell 5% year-over-year to $14.43 million, missing estimates, while the net loss widened significantly to $21.68 million. Despite achieving record tokenized assets under management of $4.3 billion and a 147% surge in platform trading volume, overall assets under administration declined by 20%. The company's stock (SECZ) dropped over 20% in after-hours trading following the report. The article highlights a key concern: Securitize's revenue declined despite substantial trading growth, suggesting either compressed fees or an unclear business model. While Securitize maintains its focus on regulatory compliance—securing key partnerships with entities like Computershare and NYSE, and obtaining an SEC investment advisor registration—its tangible progress in the new tokenized stock business has been slow. Apart from tokenizing its own stock (SECZ) upon listing, it has not launched other tokenized equities. Analysts note that SECZ's high on-chain market capitalization is misleading, as it resulted from a one-time distribution to shareholders rather than organic investor demand. The market's patience is waning as investors prioritize real business metrics like market share and user adoption over the "compliant tokenization" narrative. Securitize's market value has fallen 36% from its debut, reflecting growing concerns over its shrinking revenue and the delayed execution of its tokenized stock initiatives.

Odaily星球日报Hace 52 min(s)

Securitize's First Post-IPO Financial Report Bombshell: Is the 'Compliant Tokenization' Narrative Failing to Sell?

Odaily星球日报Hace 52 min(s)

Trading

Spot
活动图片