铭文Fomo潮过后,比特币生态该如何落地?

Odaily星球日报Publicado a 2024-01-02Actualizado a 2024-01-02

Resumen

安全+去中心化+可扩展性的不可能三角矛盾问题在比特币主网上表现更为强烈。

原文作者:Haotian(X:@tmel0211

编者按:Fomo 潮之后,铭文市场能否承接一个全新的比特币 Layer 2 热潮?比特币生态到底该如何落地?加密研究员 Haotian(X:@tme l0 211)发文探讨了比特币生态的落地路线以及比特币 Layer 2 的叙事空间。Haotian 表示,比特币正统 Layer 2 也许是个伪命题,比特币生态需要探寻一条吻合其原生特性的落地路线。Odaily星球日报整理如下:

在铭文 Fomo 潮席卷而来之际,我有接触一些“真正的”比特币开发者,发现他们并不会头脑发热,说一些比特币 layer 2 颠覆以太坊之类的话。

反倒大家都有一个共识:比特币生态会有机会,但一定会区别于以太坊的 DeFi 叠乐高组合范式。接下来,基于技术逻辑探讨下,比特币生态到底该如何落地?

的确,铭文这种新资产发行方式,把不少人拉回了 2017 年的 ICO 时刻,热情彻底被点燃。这波铭文热潮带来了新用户,新应用场景,新增量资金,某种程度上称这轮牛市为比特币牛也不为过。

于是,侧链,闪电网络,Taproot Assets,RGB、BitVM 等各个方向挤满了比特币正统 layer 2 “垂涎者”,他们每每谈及比特币生态都高调称要复刻以太坊的一切,着实让人颅内高潮。

恰如 ICO 资产发行热的不可持续性一样,铭文市场同样渴望在 Fomo 潮结束之际承接一个全新的比特币 layer 2 热潮。

有这样的野心和诉求没错,只不过,若想复刻以太坊的生态多样玩法到比特币,还真行不通,比特币生态需要探寻一条吻合其原生特性的落地路线。

核心逻辑是,比特币链原生特性存在“受限”的计算和验证能力,即使 Taproot 地址 Segwit 中的存储能力也存在粉尘攻击“争议”。

计算受限决定了更多复杂的交易逻辑必须要在链外实现,比如,bitVM 就大胆设想了一种利用链外电路+链上逻辑门(0、 1)组合,基于乐观 Rollup 理念实现的图灵完备计算,脑洞很大,技术逻辑也合理,只不过工程量堪比三体中秦朝的人列计算机,不切实际;

验证受限则使得比特币更适用于资产结算,而非全局状态校验,比如,目前比特币节点的 Schnorr 签名和 MAST 数据结构特性带来了一定验证能力,但 Schnorr 只是聚合了多个签名,受限于多签场景,而 MAST 允许创建更复杂的脚本,但其依赖 UTXO 模型只能做资产结算,并不能实现全局状态校验。搭建复杂的轻节点矩阵,也只能加强侧链和主链间的可交互操作性,提升资产结算的安全性和响应速度;

存储争议则毋庸置疑,比特币发展到现在都是极简风路线,这是上一轮大小区块战争结束跑出来的共识,因此试图基于 Taproot 的脚本空间大做文章的想法肯定行不通。虽然不一定走到 Segwit 被阉割的分叉程度,但 Atomicals、RUNE、PIPE 等升级协议都趋向于小区块方向妥协了,比如丢弃了 Json 大体积数据包,回归对 OP_Return 空间的优化和应用。

这些局限性决定了,比特币的 layer 2 扩展方案和以太坊大为不同:

1)比特币 Data Availability 数据可用性能力缺失,以太坊的 DA 是主网 Validators 对 layer 2 二层提交的数据的计算+验证能力,显然比特币虽然可以接纳一定的数据,但是主网并不具备可行且高效的计算和验证能力。

因此比特币 DA 更像是“公告板”性质,原始 RAW Data 存放到比特币区块中,只能供链下的 indexer 索引器来进行记账和确权。这势必会考验 indexer 的记账和验证能力,如果存在多个 indexer 挑战性会进一步增加,会存在记账逻辑混乱差错问题。

2)比特币 interoperablity 可操作性能力受限,以太坊 layer 二层提交状态到主网,主网有合约可以配合二层展开类似 7 天挑战时间窗口,以及 layer 2 逃生舱之类的安全机制,确保在二层 Sequener 作恶的前提下,主网可以保护二层用户的资产。显然,不具备智能合约能力的比特币并不存在这层安全保障。用户只能相信比特币 layer 2 不会作恶。

3)比特币 UTXO 安全模型受限于“支付”场景。类似于以太坊 Plasma 二层的解决方案,二层若把每一个交易对应的 Nonce Hash 等都以 UTXO 的形式和主网保持同步,就能基于 UTXO 找到一个绝对安全模式。

但恰如 Plasma 只能受限于支付场景一样,基于 UTXO 模型构建的比特币 layer 2 也一样存在这个局限。大凡是 EVM 这类有复杂智能合约多状态的机制就无法单纯靠这套安全机制了,除非叠加其他比特币链外共识。

基于此技术逻辑和认知,比特币 layer 2 的叙事空间也无比清晰了:

1)把比特币作为结算层,二层搭建独立的共识,提供一整套的 DA、Interoperability、VM 虚拟机等各类接轨以太坊的生态承载能力。只不过,这样综合实力强悍的链无异于再造一个以太坊执行链,很多人其实不知道,以太坊其实也有一条 Beacon 结算链,我们所看到的以太坊 2.0 主链也可以被视为 Beacon 链的 layer 2 。

之所以大家对结算链感知很弱,全因主网最核心的就是交互验证能力,如果只是做结算链,那处理大量计算和验证操作的链才会成为真正的“主链”。

问题来了,我们把比特币做结算链,其他链敢称自己是主链吗?比特币生态允许这样的“共识”存在吗?

2)用比特币来做支付 Solution,包括 Lighting network 闪电网络,Taproot assets 资产以及客户端验证 RGB,本质上都要基于比特币主网 UTXO 模型提供安全保障,这其实限定了这些方向最佳落地应用场景就是支付。

闪电网络做小额聪的流通体验已经很丝滑,Taproot assets 和 RGB 其实也类似,相对更适合落地稳定币的支付通道。

倘若要在状态通道、客户端验证上 叠加一些 DeFi、EVM 更多的状态,就相当于要在原先 UTXO 模型上添加更复杂的验证逻辑,自然会有一些主网无法验证的状态被提交到主网,本质上依赖的还是链下共识。这类方案也许行得通,但相比纯 UTXO 模型控制的交易场景,安全等级也会对应下降。

以上。比特币生态如何落地?

如果纯纯的比特币安全共识赋能下的比特币生态,指向 Lightning network 和 Taproot assets 等后续的稳定币应用消费场景;

如果比特币主网共识之外,允许加一些链外共识,则指向 RGB 客户端验证这类可以实现复杂 layer 2 智能合约的复杂应用场景;

如果比特币主网只做结算链,靠链外独立达成共识,那各类侧链、联盟链、索引链等等任何能自建共识且严格执行资产透明结算的方案似乎都可以。

如果 BitVM 这类比特币图灵计算验证方案真的落地实现了,在不改变比特币主网共识,成本又低于以太坊智能合约构造的话,以上结论推翻再来。

总之,安全+去中心化+可扩展性的不可能三角矛盾问题在比特币主网上表现更为强烈。所谓比特币正统 layer 2 也许是个伪命题,在我看来,选择了正统共识则就得接受扩展“局限”,若想突破局限,就别打着宇宙无敌共识的旗号了。

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