美国 OFAC 长臂管辖对以太坊网络有何影响?

foresightnewsPublicado a 2023-12-19Actualizado a 2023-12-20

Resumen

OFAC 正在做一个艰难的决定;而与此同时,Coinbase 继续不间断处理 Tornado Cash 交易。

OFAC 正在做一个艰难的决定;而与此同时,Coinbase 继续不间断处理 Tornado Cash 交易。


撰文:JP Koning

编译:Luffy,Foresight News


美国最大的加密货币交易所 Coinbase 正在公开处理涉及 Tornado Cash 的以太坊交易,Tornado Cash 是一项区块链基础设施,但它去年因向朝鲜提供混币服务而受到美国政府的制裁。根据 Tornado 提醒,过去两周 Coinbase 已验证了 686 笔与 Tornado 相关的交易。


包括表格显示了每个验证者提议的区块数量,其中所有与 Tornado Cash 合约或 TORN 代币进行交互(存款或取款)的交易。资料来源:Toni Wahrstätter


这对所有相关人员来说都很尴尬。 


首先,这对于监管机构美国财政部外国资产控制办公室(OFAC)来说是令人尴尬的。OFAC 明确规定,美国境内的个人不得与受制裁实体进行交易,除非他们拥有许可证。然而,美国最大的加密货币交易所在没有许可证的情况下与受制裁的实体 Tornado Cash 进行互动。 


OFAC 可以移开视线,假装没有发生任何异常情况,这几乎就是它迄今为止所做的事情。但由于这些交互清晰地纪录在区块链上,每个人都可以看到违规行为的发生。最终,OFAC 将不得不面对这个问题并做出一些艰难的决定,其中一些决定最终可能会损害 Coinbase 等公司和以太坊网络。


整个事件对于加密行业来说也很尴尬。在 2022 年,生态系统的大部分毁于欺诈和破产欺诈之后,加密货币发现自己处于文化战争和被普遍禁止的十字准线中。它迫切需要社会许可,但加密货币领域的领先公司却选择违背美国国防的关键支柱之一。


与此同时,Coinbase 在美国的主要竞争对手 Kraken 采取了截然不同的方式来应对 Tornado Cash。如上表所示,与 Coinbase 的 686 笔交易相比,Kraken 在过去两周内处理了 0 笔与相关 Tornado Cash 交易。这些处理受制裁交易的不同方式只会凸显加密货币「遵守」制裁法的尴尬本质。 


在深入研究之前,我们需要先了解一些基础知识。对于那些对加密货币感到困惑的人,下面是一个快速解释为什么 Coinbase 与 Tornado Cash 交互,而 Kraken 没有。


什么是验证?


首先,Coinbase 和 Kraken 经营许多不同的业务。他们最著名的业务是提供一个交易场所,人们可以存入资金来买卖加密代币。 


我怀疑两家公司都非常小心,以确保其交易场所避免与 Tornado Cash 发生交集。例如,如果有人试图将与 Tornado 相关的资金存入 Coinbase 交易所,我确信 Coinbase 会迅速冻结这些交易,而这正是 OFAC 要求它做的事情。加密货币交易场所此前曾因与受制裁实体打交道而陷入麻烦:去年,Kraken 因为有伊朗用户个人处理了 826 笔交易而被 OFAC 处罚。 


但这里的问题不在于这些公司的交易平台。Coinbase 与 Tornado Cash 的互动发生在相邻的业务领域。我们来看看 Coinbase 和 Kraken 的验证服务业务是如何运作的。


假设 Sunil 住在印度,想要在以太坊网络上进行交易,比如向 Tornado Cash 存入一些 ETH。他首先将指令输入到 MetaMask 钱包中。该订单将被广播到以太坊网络进行验证,并支付少量费用或小费。验证者负责接收大批量未完成的交易,其中之一是 Sunil 的 Tornado Cash 存款,并以「区块」的形式向以太坊网络提出确认。作为奖励,验证者获得交易者留下的小费。 


最大的验证者是那些拥有大量 ETH(以太坊网络原生代币)的人。由于 Kraken 和 Coinbase 持有数百万的客户 ETH,因此它们已成为以太坊验证服务的两个最重要的提供商。根据以太坊质押仪表板,Coinbase 占全球验证交易的 14%,而 Kraken 占 3%。因此,尽管 Sunil 实际上并未向 Coinbase 的交易场所存入任何加密货币,但他最终可能会通过其区块提案和验证业务与 Coinbase 进行交互。 


验证者可以选择将哪些交易包含在其区块中。这解释了两种交易所之间的差异,Kraken 选择排除 Sunil 的 Tornado Cash 存款等交易,而 Coinbase 将与 Tornado Cash 相关的所有交易纳入其提议的区块中,在此过程中赚取相关的交易费用。


总而言之,Coinbase 以符合 OFAC 法规的方式运营其交易所,但其验证服务的运行方式与 Kraken 不同。接下来,我们需要补充故事的另一个重要部分。OFAC 要做些什么?


OFAC 四处寻找答案


对于那些不知道美国制裁机制如何运作的人来说,OFAC 的很大一部分工作就是将被认为破坏美国国家安全或外交政策目标的外国个人和组织列入黑名单。这些被列入黑名单的实体被称为 SDN(specially designated nationals)。美国公民和公司在未获得许可的情况下不能处理 SDN。 


OFAC 还实施了全面制裁。这些措施阻止美国个人或​​企业与伊朗等国家进行互动。 


OFAC 对其指定的每个个人或实体披露一系列有用信息,包括 SDN 的名称、别名、地址、国籍、护照、税号、出生地和出生日期。美国个人和公司应该采取方法,针对与其交易的每个交易对手检查这些信息,以确保他们没有与 SDN 打交道。他们还必须了解美国全面制裁措施,以免意外地与整个受到制裁的群体互动,比如所有伊朗人,而不遵守这些规定可能会导致罚款或监禁。


尽管 Coinbase 在验证服务方面似乎选择了忽略 OFAC 的要求,但 Kraken 却没有,并将 SDN 列表纳入其提供的验证服务的内部逻辑中。但 Kraken 只以有限的方式做到了这一点,正如我将在下面展示的那样。 


五年前,OFAC 开始将 SDN 的已知加密货币地址纳入其 SDN 数据数组中。迄今为止,OFAC 已发布约 600 个加密钱包地址,包括约 150 个以太坊地址,其中很大一部分与 Tornado Cash 有关。Kraken 使用这个包含 150 个地址的列表作为从区块中排除某些交易的基础。



在加密货币社区的成员中,这种行为有时被描述为创建「符合 OFAC 的区块」。加密理论家认为,它损害了以太坊开放和抗审查的核心价值观。 虽然 Kraken 的方法可能看起来是提议区块的合规方法,但事实并非如此。


符合 OFAC 的区块


目前,Kraken 的区块验证流程仅清除涉及 OFAC 明确提到的 150 个左右以太坊钱包的交易,其中包括 Tornado Cash 地址。但与这 150 个钱包相关的许多 SDN 可能早已通过获取新钱包的方式进行了调整。 Kraken 没有采取任何措施来确定这些新钱包是什么,因此几乎肯定会在区块中处理这些 SDN 交易。这将违反 OFAC 政策。 


OFAC 的 SDN 列表中约有 12,000 个 SDN,其中大多数并未被 OFAC 明确关联到特定的以太坊钱包。但这并不意味着这些实体没有这样的钱包。为了达到合规性,Kraken 需要扫描 12,000 个 SDN 的整个列表,并验证其中没有一个包含在 Kraken 区块中。同样,它似乎并没有这样做。


遵守 OFAC 不仅仅是交叉检查 SDN 列表。请记住,OFAC 还对伊朗等国家实施了全面制裁,禁止任何美国实体与一般伊朗人打交道。由于 Kraken 提议区块仅排除 OFAC 提到的 150 个左右以太坊地址,因此几乎可以肯定它会允许伊朗人的交易进入其提议的区块。这很讽刺,因为去年 Kraken 受到惩罚的违规行为就是允许伊朗人使用其交易平台。显然,Kraken 交易所针对伊朗制定了一项政策,而其区块提议服务制定了另一项政策。 


Coinbase 完全忽视 OFAC 的政策现在更有意义了。也许根本不遵守并保留声称制裁法不适用于验证的能力比不充分遵守但在此过程中默认 OFAC 对验证拥有管辖权要好。作为这一战略的一部分,Coinbase 可能会试图依托这样的论点,即验证不是一种金融服务,而是一种「信息材料的传输」,不受制裁法的约束。 


在开始走上合规之路后,Kraken 的验证业务接近完全遵守制裁法的唯一方法是采用与其自己的加密货币交易所遵守的完全相同的详尽流程。这意味着要煞费苦心地收集和验证所有潜在交易者的 ID,根据 OFAC 的要求进行交叉检查,并且今后仅提议由内部批准地址列表的交易组成的区块。通过采用这种完整的方法来验证交易,Kraken 现在将更接近合规。对于 OFAC 来说,它的尴尬处境将得到缓解。


OFAC 政策决定并不简单


然而,这种方法有其缺点。对于 Kraken 来说,出于区块包含目的而验证 ID 的成本高昂。我怀疑该公司可能会被迫停止提供验证服务。即使 Kraken 和 Coinbase 推出符合 OFAC 要求的 KYC 流程来组装区块,大多数以太坊交易也可能会流向离岸验证器,这些验证器不会检查 ID,因为它们不受监管,无需遵守 OFAC 的政策。 


因此,OFAC 想要阻止的交易最终还是会发生。 


更复杂的是,通过将验证从美国领土上转移,美国国家安全机构将摧毁新生的「美国以太坊钮带」,而他们本可以利用这种纽带作为向境外扩散美国力量的工具。如果你好奇这意味着什么,请考虑一下纽约州目前如何利用纽约代理银行关系来实施美国的海外政策。位于旧金山的以太坊网络将是其加密版本,但前提是它不被驱逐。


为了防止美国以外的其他地域进行验证,政府可以将国内区块验证器实施 KYC 的要求与所有美国个人和公司将所有以太坊交易提交给符合制裁的验证器的第二个要求结合起来。这将使美国以太坊交易重新回到美国本土,并进入 Coinbase 和 Kraken 的怀抱。 


但这是一盘复杂的棋局,你可以理解 OFAC 为何一直犹豫不决。 


另一方面,OFAC 也不能永远搪塞。当然,加密货币仍然小众。但 OFAC 是一个拥有民主授权执行法律的机构,而法律显然正在被破坏。它不能「玩忽职守」。制裁事关国家安全,这增加了问题的紧迫性。 


一种选择是 OFAC 以特殊许可证的形式向美国区块链验证者提供明确的制裁法例外。但这引发了技术中立和法律面前平等待遇的问题。为什么应该允许 Coinbase 和 Kraken 接纳受制裁参与者的金融网络,而 Visa 或美国运通等其他网络运营商却不能享受同样的豁免?


这不仅仅是公平问题。通过将区块链剥离,OFAC 可能会无意中刺激金融业转向基于区块链的验证,因为这已成为部署各种金融服务时监管最少,因此最便宜的技术解决方案。到那时,OFAC 将发现自己需要管理的东西要少得多,因为现在很大一部分资金都位于 OFAC 划定的区域内。


我并不羡慕 OFAC 的官员。他们要做出一个艰难的决定。与此同时,Coinbase 继续每小时都在处理 Tornado Cash 交易。

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