理解比特币 Layer2,新的「不可能三角」权衡

长文源:foresightnewsPublicado a 2023-11-05Actualizado a 2023-11-06

Resumen

本文对在比特币上可能构建的不同类型 L2 所涉及的权衡进行了分析。

本文对在比特币上可能构建的不同类型 L2 所涉及的权衡进行了分析。


原文标题:《UNDERSTANDING THE "BITCOIN L2 TRILEMMA"》

撰文:Trevor Owens

编译:Frank,Foresight News



作为一名风险投资家,我站在「代币不可知论」(token agnostic)的立场。由于我们在新技术发展的早期阶段进行投资,因此我们是投资的是股权而不是代币,所以只按比例获得对应的代币。我们坚信,要使代币有效,它应该发挥至关重要的作用。


从本质上讲,移除代币应该会破坏核心价值主张和底层架构,仅仅为了代币而使用代币,或者毫无理由地避免使用代币,都会是一种的危险信号,不过在大多数 Web3 项目中,有大量的代币只是为了拥有一个代币而推出的。


那些原本可能成功的项目,由于其代币经济的不可持续性而失败,并给投资者带来重大的经济损失。相比之下,在比特币社区中,你会发现开发人员在无法解决的技术问题上浪费了无数的时间,我称之为「没有代币机制的代币」的解决方案——我把这种方法比作「尝试在不发生关系的情况下进行性行为」,这两种方法都显得不合理。


现在,让我们深入探讨这个不可能三角困境的三个方面:


1. OFF-CHAIN 网络


例如闪电网络和 RGB。


这些解决方案都不是区块链,而是将数据保存在链下(由用户存储)的网络,这里没有一个通用的公共账本,这使得数据和智能合约的可访问性和交互性大大降低。因此用户无法体验像以太坊或 Solana 等智能合约区块链所能提供的全面功能。


它们还要求用户运行自己的节点或基础设施,以便完全去中心化,这导致采用方面存在显着的用户体验障碍。尽管如此,这种方法提供的可扩展性和隐私性优势远远超出了区块链技术所能提供的范围,使其成为特定应用程序用例(尤其是大规模支付)的最佳选择。


2. 去中心化侧链


例如 Stacks、Interlay、Layer-0 等解决方案。


去中心化侧链使任何人都可以参与共识(即挖矿),因为它们通过协议发布的新代币来补充它们的安全性预算,这催生了一个竞争激烈的矿工市场——矿工们花费资源争夺区块链网络的原生代币,随后被用户用来支付执行智能合约时的 Gas 费用。


人们预计,随着使用量的增加和网络效应的增强,代币的需求将会增加,并使其在经济上具有可持续性。但是,引入额外的代币可能会使用户体验变得复杂。此外比特币最大化主义者(Bitcoin maximalists)一般会对此进行攻击,称其为骗局,因为这些代币被认为是比特币的竞争对手。


这种情况往往会让开发人员的生活更加艰难,从积极的方面来考虑,拥有代币可以促进社区建设,并促进资金筹集,以资助大量的研究和开发工作。


3.联合侧链


例如 Liquid、RSK、Botanix 等解决方案。


在这种情况下,如果没有代币,矿工(或验证者)的唯一报酬只能由开发工作背后的公司支付,或者是基于区块链网络所产生的用户费用,不过这些费用通常在最初几年内微不足道,直到网络被大规模使用。


这种针对矿工的补偿是必要的,因为在工作量证明式的共识模型中,挖矿需要花钱,而在权益证明中,也存在资金被削减的风险。即使是比特币和以太坊,每个都有超过 1 亿的用户,也主要通过代币奖励补贴来资助它们的网络安全。


为了解决这个问题,联合侧链并不向所有人开放挖矿。以 Liquid 为例,它已经成立了一个由 15 家加密业务服务商组成的集团,包括交易所、OTC 商和基础设施提供商,虽然这种方法可以很好地运转,但它需要信任所选的实体。


同时为了随着时间的推移变得更加去中心化,就会出现一个古老的难题:如何在受信任群体运行的同时吸引大量用户并产生可观的费用?目前人们也在努力设计硬件解决方案,以实现会员资格的自动化和民主化,将信任转移到所使用的硬件上。


那么联合侧链有什么优势呢?更简单的用户体验,因为这些侧链使用一种挂钩 BTC 的代币来支付网络费用,因此避免了新代币面临来自比特币最大化主义者反对的可能性。尽管目前还不知道这群比特币用户是否会实际参与这些侧链所启用的 Web3 用例中来。


其他见解:挖矿 VS 跨链


关键是要认识到 RSK 和 Liquid 之间的区别。前者采用联合挖矿的方式,截至 2022 年 2 月,它已经获得了 BTC 64% 的哈希率,令人印象深刻,不过 RSK 采用联合挖矿和以硬件为中心的方法来构建跨链桥。


与此相反,基于代币的侧链正在构建去中心化的跨链桥,并使用其原生代币作为抵押品,这方面的例子包括 Stack 正在推进的 sBTC,以及 Interlay 和几个 Layer-0 侧链的替代方案。通过利用原生代币作为抵押品,该设计提供了一种激励模型,以维持 BTC 资产的开放成员资格跨链协议。


本月通过白皮书新推出的 BitVM 可能会提出一个解决方案,使联合跨链桥更加最小化信任,并消除对基于硬件的解决方案的需求。


解决不可能三角的三种潜在解决方案


许多潜在的解决方案都需要比特币软分叉,这可能需要相当长的时间才能获得支持。Drivechains 是最近一个有争议的例子,它最初于 2017 年提出,现在正处于鼎盛时期,Validity Rollup(或 ZK Rollup)带来了希望,并从几位比特币核心开发者那里获得了更多积极的反馈。


然而,有效的实施仍然是一个挑战,甚至可能是一个遥远的现实。联合挖矿很有趣,尤其是 RSK 证明了即使没有令人信服的激励措施,比特币矿工也会大量采用,然而缺少代币仍然意味着依赖于等待市场验证的可信跨链桥或高级硬件配置。


在未来几年,BitVM 可能会与联合挖矿一起彻底改变联合跨链桥,并有可能会解决去中心化的困境。


EVM 问题(另一个话题)


值得强调的是,许多侧链选择 EVM,RSK、Botanix 和许多 Layer0 解决方案都采用了这种方法,这一决定加速了市场拓展,并确保了与交易所和以 EVM 为中心的区块链基础设施的兼容性。


相反,Stacks 和 Starkware(ZK Rollup)设计了自己的虚拟机,旨在在特定领域(如可判定性和 ZK 兼容性)对 EVM 进行改进,这把双刃剑意味着它们可能会失去网络效应,但可能会为开发人员提供一个平台来制作更棒的应用程序,并将自己与市场领先的以太坊应用程序区分开来。


废除所有代币


对于大多数构建者来说,关于代币的决定应该植根于其对实际问题的考量。由于其在 Layer1 上对智能合约的支持,Layer2 Rollup 解决方案不需要代币,但像 Optimism 和 Arbitrum 这样的头部项目也有代币。


它们利用这些代币来加强社区联系和资助开发,这种基于市场的证据进一步使是否需要代币的问题复杂化。Coinbase 推出的 Layer2 网络 Base 最近在没有推出代币的情况下获得了巨大的吸引力,然而 Coinbase 表示未来推出代币仍然是一个备选项。


根据我过去作为企业创新主管和企业家的经验,我把代币与无代币的争论比作创业股权与企业股权的难题。在我的书《The Lean Enterprise》中,我强调了许多由于缺乏与这些项目所要求的高风险和大量研发成正比的激励措施,而导致内部创新尝试失败的例子。


即使是以注重创新的企业文化而闻名的谷歌,也见证了其员工放弃巨额股票期权,独自创业,从而诞生了 Twitter、Instagram、Niantic、Pinterest 等巨头,这导致其潜在的市值损失超过 1000 亿美元。


Layer2 项目有巨大的风险,大多数项目注定会失败,发展它们所需的资金数额巨大,尽管提供的安全性好处不如 Validity Rollup 解决方案(如 Optimism、Arbitrum 和 Base),也不能创建新的比特币来资助新区块链的安全预算或开发人员社区。


Polygon 是以太坊的一个侧链,在所有以太坊扩展解决方案中,其市值和开发者参与度仍然占据主导地位。现在它正在转向基于 ZK 的战略,因此即使 zk-rollup 本身不需要代币,拥有原生代币也可能提供竞争优势。就像所有与商业相关的事情一样,这没有明确的答案。


最终的想法


比特币 L2 领域令人着迷,随着 Ordinals、BRC-20 和 Runes 等协议吸引更多 Web3 开发人员在比特币上构建,竞争日益激烈。作为 Web3 投资者,我们的重点仍然是应用程序和基础设施,并尽量避开代币交易。


目前我们的兴趣在于具有独特应用优势的链下网络和去中心化侧链,主要是因为它们具有开放的成员共识模型、社区建设和资本获取优势,如果 BitVM 成功地为联合跨链桥引入一种更加最小化信任的方法,我们也看好联合挖矿。


重要的是,无论是 sBTC 等抵押驱动的跨链桥还是 BitVM 方法都仍处于开发阶段,BitVM 刚刚在本月通过白皮书宣布,并引起了开发人员的浓厚兴趣,而 sBTC 已开发一年多,并投入了大量资源。最终,除了投资比特币 L1 应用程序和基础设施,比特币前沿基金(Bitcoin Frontier Fund)还旨在战略性进军这三个领域。

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